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CH 8 Powerpoint Special Senses
CH 8 Powerpoint Special Senses
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 8
Special Senses
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.2
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Eyelids
Meets at
medial
and
lateral
canthus
(crease)
Eyelashes
Figure 8.1b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.3a
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Eyelashes
Meibomian
glands - modified
sebacious
glands
produce an
oily secretion
to lubricate
the eye
Figure 8.1b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.3b
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Ciliary glands –
modified
sweat glands
between the
eyelashes
Figure 8.1b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.3c
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Conjunctiva
Membrane that lines eyelids
Connects to the surface of eye
Secretes mucus to lubricate eye
When inflamed, conjunctivitis
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.4a
Accessory Structures of the Eye
Lacrimal
apparatus
Glands,
ducts, (eye),
canals, sac,
nasolacrimal
duct
Tears:
antibodies,
lysozymes, Figure 8.1a
Figure 8.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.6
Structure of the Eye
The wall is composed of three tunics
Sclera & Cornea
fibrous outside
layer
Choroid –
middle
layer
Sensory
tunic –
(retina) inside
layer Figure 8.3a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.7
The Fibrous Tunic
Sclera
White connective tissue layer
Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye”
Cornea
Transparent, central anterior portion
Allows for light to pass through
Repairs itself easily
The only human tissue that can be
transplanted without fear of rejection
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.8
Choroid Layer
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.9
Sensory Tunic (Retina)
Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)
Rods- Most are found towards the edges of the retina
Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision
Perception in gray tones
Figure 8.4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.11
Lens
Biconvex crystal-like structure
Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the
ciliary body
Internal Eye Chamber Fluids
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.15b
Lens Accommodation
Light must be
focused to point on
retina for optimal
vision
The eye is set for
distance vision
(over 20 ft away)
The lens must
change shape to
focus for closer
objects
Correcting the Eye
• Correct Focus = emmetropia
• Nearsightedness = myopia
– Focus of light in front of retina
– Eyeball too long or lens too strong
– Distant objects are blurry
• Farsightedness = hyperopia
– Focus of light beyond the retina
– Short eyeball or lazy lens
– Near objects are blurry.
Emmetropia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
• Unequal curvatures in cornea & lens
The Ear
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.20
Anatomy of the Ear
The ear is divided into 3 areas
Outer
(external)
ear
Middle
ear
Inner
ear
The External Ear
Involved in
hearing only
Structures of
external ear
Pinna
(auricle)
External
auditory canal
The External Auditory Canal
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.23
The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.24a
The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity
Three bones
span cavity
Malleus
(hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrip)
Figure 8.12
Vibrations from
eardrum move
malleus
These bones
transfer sound
to inner ear
Figure 8.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.25b
Inner Ear or Bony Labyrinth
Includes sense organs for hearing and
balance
Filled with
perilymph
(liquid)
Figure 8.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.26a
Inner Ear or Bony Labrynth
Maze of bony chambers within temporal
bone
Cochlea
Vestibule
Semicircular
canals
Organs of
Hearing
Organ of Corti
Located within cochlea
Receptors = hair cells on basilar membrane
Gel-like tactorial membrane is capable of bending
hair cells
Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells transmits
nerve impulses to auditory cortex on temporal lobe
Organs of Hearing
Figure 8.13
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.27b
Mechanisms of Hearing
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.28
Mechanisms of Hearing
Figure 8.14
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.29
Mechanisms of Hearing
Figure 8.16a, b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.30a
Organs of Equilibrium
Equilibrium has two functional parts
Static equilibrium – sense of gravity at rest
Dynamic equilibrium – angular and rotary
head movements
Figure 8.16a, b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.30b
Static Equilibrium - Rest
Maculae – receptors in the vestibule
Report on position of head
Send information via vestibular nerve
Anatomy of the maculae
Hair cells are embedded in otolithic
membrane
Otoliths (tiny stones) float in a gel around
hair cells
Movements cause otoliths to bend hair
cells
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.31
Function of Maculae
Figure 8.15
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.32
Dynamic Equilibrium - Movement
Crista ampullaris –
receptors in the
semicircular canals
Tuft of hair cells
Cupula (gelatinous cap)
covers hair cells
Figure 8.16c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.33a
Dynamic Equilibrium
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.33b
Chemical Senses
Taste and Smell
Both senses use chemoreceptors
Both stimulated by chemicals in solution
Taste has 4 types of receptors
Smell can differentiate a large range of
chemicals
Both senses complement each other
and respond to many of same stimuli!
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.34
Olfaction – The Sense of Smell
Taste buds
house the
receptor
organs
Location of
taste buds
Most are on
the tongue
Soft palate
Cheeks Figure 8.18a, b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.37
The Tongue and Taste
The tongue is
covered w/
projections,or
papillae
Filiform papillae
sharp w/ no taste buds
Fungifiorm papillae
rounded w/ taste buds
Circumvallate
papillae
large w/ taste buds
The Tongue and Taste
Taste buds
are found on
the sides of
papillae
Structure of Taste Buds
Gustatory cells are the receptors
Have gustatory hairs (long microvilli)
Hairs stimulated by chemicals dissolved in saliva
Structure of Taste Buds
Impulses carried to gustatory complex
by several cranial nerves b/c taste buds
found in different areas
Facial, Glossopharyngeal & Vagus nerves
Taste Sensations
Sweet receptors
Sugars
Saccharine
Some amino acids
indicates
energy-rich
nutrients
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 8.41
Taste Sensations
Sour receptors
Acids
Slide 8.41
Taste Sensations
Bitter receptors
allows sensing diverse
natural toxins
Taste Sensations
Salty receptors
allows modulating
diet for electrolyte
balance
Developmental Aspects of
All Special Senses
Formed early in embryonic development
Eyes are outgrowths of the brain
All special senses are functional at
birth
Short taste intro