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BITUMINOUS
MATERIALS
C O M P R E H E N S I V E M AT E R I A L S T E S T I N G T E C H N O L O G Y
( PROVISIONAL )
D P W H R . O . X I , D AVA O C I T Y

M AY 2 0 2 4
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FUNDAMENTALS OF ASPHALT MIX DESIGN

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OBJECTIVE Master
A MIXtitle style
DESIGN:

To determine an economical blend and gradation of aggregates and

asphalt that will yield a mix having:
• sufficient asphalt to ensure a durable pavement
• adequate mix stability to satisfy the demands of traffic without
distortion or displacement
• voids content high enough to allow for a slight amount of
additional compaction under traffic loading without flushing,
bleeding, and loss of stability, yet low enough to keep out
harmful air and moisture
• sufficient workability to permit efficient placement of the mix
without segregation
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ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
These are pavements consisting of a surface course of mineral
aggregate coated and cemented together with asphalt on
supporting courses such as asphalt bases, crushed stone, slag or
gravel or on Portland Cement concrete brick or block pavement

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ASPHALT MIXTURE

It is a combination of aggregates that are uniformly mixed and

coated with bituminous/asphalt materials such as asphalt
cement, cutback asphalt or emulsified asphalt.

ASPHALT MIXTURE = AGGREGATES + ASPHALT CEMENT

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TWO (2) Master
TYPES title style/ BITUMINOUS MIXTURE
OF ASPHALT

1. Bituminous Hot Mix

• Aggregate + Asphalt Cement
92% – 95% 5% - 8%

2. Bituminous Cold Mix

Aggregate + Cutback Asphalt
4.5% - 7%
Aggregate + Emulsified Asphalt
• 6% - 10%

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HOT MIX Master title style
ASPHALT

• Mixtures consist of a combination of aggregate uniformly mixed

and coated with asphalt binder.

• To dry the aggregates and to obtain sufficient fluidity of asphalt

binder for proper mixing and workability, both the aggregate and
the asphalt binder must be heated before mixing — hence the
term “hot mix.”

• Asphalt mixtures may be produced from a wide range of

aggregate combinations, each having its own particular
characteristics suited to specific design and construction uses.
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COMPOSITION OF HOTtitleMIX
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ASPHALT:
1. ASPHALT
• Binder of the aggregates.
• Normally ranges from 5 – 8 mass percent on the basis of total dry
aggregate.
• Grade of asphalt cement normally ranges from 40/50 to 200/300
penetration.
• The service performance of an asphalt pavement is greatly
influenced by the grade and quantity of asphalt it contains.
• The grade selected for each project is influenced by climatic
conditions, traffic, and strength of the road foundation.
• Hot climates – use lower penetration grades or hard asphalts.
• Cold Climates – use higher penetration grades or softer asphalts. 88
PROPERTIES
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• Consistency – viscosity or degree of fluidity of asphalt at any
particular temperature (ranges from a very thin liquid to a stiff
semi-solid state).
• Temperature Susceptibility – thermoplastic substance.
• Adhesion – ability to stick to the aggregates.
• Cohesion – ability to hold the aggregate particles firmly.
• Durability – resistance of asphalt to changes in properties due to
weathering or aging.
• Hardening – asphalt hardens when heated to higher temperature.
• Purity – composed almost entirely of bitumen.
• Safety – if heated to a high enough temperature will flash in the
presence of a spark or open flame.
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COMPOSITION OF HOTtitleMIX
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ASPHALT:
2. MINERAL AGGREGATES
• Constitute about 95% by weight of the asphalt concrete mixture.
• Supply nearly all of the pavement’s load bearing capacity.
• Their quality and physical properties are critical to pavement
performance.

Aggregate Fractions:
a. Coarse Aggregate
b. Fine Aggregate
c. Mineral Filler

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AGGREGATE
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1. Coarse Aggregates
• Retained on 2.36 mm (No. 8) Sieve
• May be obtained from gravel deposits or stone quarries.

2. Fine Aggregates
• Passing the 2.36 mm (No. 8) sieve and retained on 0.075 mm (No.
200) sieve
• Sources of fine aggregate are natural deposits of bank, beach or
river sand or screenings from aggregate crushing plants.

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AGGREGATE
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3. Mineral Aggregates
• at least 70% of which passes the 0.075mm (No. 200 ) sieve
• May consist of finely ground limestone, rock powder, naturally
occurring silt, Portland cement, hydrated lime or similar clean
non-plastic finely divided mineral matter.
• It may occur naturally in the fine and coarse aggregate as
mineral dust or it may be added as a separate ingredient.

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PROPERTIES
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• Strength (Hardness)
• Particle Shape
• Surface Texture
• Absorption and Specific Gravity
• Gradation
• Cleanliness
• Affinity for asphalt
• Soundness

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PROPERTIES
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Master MIX style
ASPHALT
• Stability
• Durability
• Flexibility
• Fatigue Resistance
• Skid Resistance
• Workability
• Impermeability

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PROPERTIES
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ASPHALT
1. Stability – ability to resist deformation from imposed loads and to
resist shoving and rutting under traffic.

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PROPERTIES
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ASPHALT
Rutting

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PROPERTIES
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ASPHALT
2. Durability – ability to resist the detrimental effects of air, water,
temperature and traffic.

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PROPERTIES
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ASPHALT
Raveling

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PROPERTIES
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ASPHALT
3. Flexibility – ability to bend slightly without cracking and to
conform to gradual settlements and movements of the base and sub
grade.

Factors affecting Flexibility:

1. High asphalt content
2. Gradation (open graded)

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PROPERTIES
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ASPHALT
4. Fatigue Resistance – ability to withstand repeated flexing caused by the
passage of wheel loads.

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PROPERTIES
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ASPHALT
Fatigue Cracking

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PROPERTIES
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ASPHALT
5. Skid Resistance – ability to offer resistance to slipping or skidding
of the vehicle tires.

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PROPERTIES
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ASPHALT
Surface Bleeding

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PROPERTIES
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ASPHALT
6. Workability – ease with which paving mixture maybe placed and
compacted.

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PROPERTIES
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ASPHALT
7. Impermeability – prevents the passage of air and water into or through
the asphalt pavement.

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CLASSIFICATION
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• Dense-graded asphalt mixes

• Open-graded asphalt mixes

• Gap-graded or Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA)

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Dense-graded title
Asphalt style
Mixes

• A dense-graded asphalt mix has a

well-distributed aggregate gradation
throughout the entire range of sieves
used.
• It is the most commonly specified
type of mix and can be used in the
base, intermediate layers and
surface of a pavement structure.
• Superpave, Marshall and Hveem are
methods of designing dense-graded
mixes

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Open-graded Asphalttitle style
Mixes

• An open-graded layer is an asphalt

mixture designed to have a large
volume of air voids (typically 18 to
22 percent) so that water will readily
drain through the pavement layer.
• It is used as an Open-Graded
Friction Course (OGFC) to provide a
skid-resistant pavement surface and
as a porous base layer (also called
Asphalt Treated Permeable Base, or
ATPB) to provide for positive
drainage under either an asphalt or
Portland cement concrete pavement
surface.
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Gap-graded Master
Stonetitle style
Matrix Asphalt (SMA)

• Gap-graded or SMA is an asphalt

mixture with a high-coarse
aggregate content (typically 70 to 80
percent), a high asphalt content
(typically more than 6 percent) and a
high-filler content approximately 10
percent by weight).
• The result is a durable mixture that
has excellent stone-on-stone
contact and that is very resistant to
rutting.

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