Need of Feedback

• Because the open-loop gain of Op-amp is very large, only the

smaller signals having very low frequency may amplified
accurately without distortion.
• Besides very large, the open-loop voltage gain of the op-amp is
not constant.
• The variation in voltage gain are relatively large in open-loop op-
amps, which makes open-loop op-amp unsuitable for any linear
applications.
• In addition, the bandwidth of most open-loop op-amps is
negligible small-almost zero.
Block Diagram representation of
Feedback configurations
Block Diagram representation of
Feedback configurations
Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier
 Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier
• Some important terms for Voltage-series feedback amplifier:

1. open-loop voltage gain(or gain without feedback)

2. closed-loop voltage gain(or gain with feedback)

3. gain of the feedback circuit

• Negative feedback:

Applying KVL for input loop is

Where,
Vin =input voltage
Vf= feedback voltage
Vid= difference input voltage
• Closed-loop voltage gain:

The closed-loop voltage gain

However, by equation,

Referring Fig,

since Ri>>R1
Therefore,
• Closed-loop voltage gain:
Rearranging , we get

Thus,

Generally, A is very Large (typically 10^5). Therefore,

Thus
Again, As defined ,the gain of feedback circuit(B) is ratio of vf and vo

Comparing the above equations, we can conclude that

This means that the gain of feedback circuit is the reciprocal of the closed-loop
Voltage gain.
Finally, the closed-loop voltage gain Af can be expressed in terms of open-loop
Gain A and feedback circuit gain B

So .
Difference Input Voltage Ideally Zero:
Let us reconsider the equation
Vo=A(Vid)

Since A is very large (ideally infinite)

That is,

The above equation says that, voltage at inverting and non-inverting terminal of
Op-amp is approximately equal provided that A is very large.So,
V1= Vin
V2= Vf

That is,
Input Resistance with Feedback
• The input resistance with feedback is defined as

However,

Therefore,
Output Resistance with Feedback
• The Rof is defined as follows:
 Bandwidth with Feedback

•UGB: The frequency at which the gain equals

1 is known as the unity gain-bandwidth UGB
fo=Break Frequency
• UGB=(A) (fo)
• For a single break frequency op-amp
UGB=(Af) (ff )

Bandwidth with feedback= ff

(A) (fo)=(Af)(ff)
Voltage Follower

•When the noninverting amplifier is configured for unity

Gain , it is called as Voltage follower because o/p voltage
Is equal & in phase with the i/p.

•The Voltage follower is also called as a noninverting

Buffer because , when placed between two networks,
It removes the loading on the first network.
The 741C op-amp having the following parametres is connected as a noninverting amplifier
With R1=1KΩ and Rf=10KΩ:
A=200000
Ri=2MΩ
Ro=75Ω
fo=5Hz
Supply voltage= 15V
o/p voltage swing= 13V

Compute the values of Af, Rif, Rof, Ff and VooT.

Voltage-shunt Feedback Amplifier
Substituting the value of V2 in the equation and rearranging the terms, we get

Since the internal gain A of op-amp is very large AR1>>R1+Rf.

This means the equation can be rewritten as
Rewrite the equation,

Divide both numerator and denominator by (R1+Rf)

Where,
 Inverting input Terminal at Virtual Ground
• As shown in fig, the noninverting terminal is grounded, and i/p signal
is applied to inverting terminal via R1.
• However, the difference i.p voltage is ideally zero; i.e. Voltage at
inverting v2 is equal to noninverting terminal v1 is approximately
at ground potential.
• Therefore, the inverting terminal is said to be at virtual ground.
• This concept is extremely useful in analysis of closed-loop inverting
amplifier circuits.
• Ideal colsed-loop gain equation can be obtained using virtual-ground
concept as follows.
In the circuit,

That is,

However,

Therefore,

Or,
I/p Resistance with Feedback:

Since Ri & A are very large

Rif=R1 (ideal)
O/p Resistance with Feedback:
Current-to-Voltage Converter:
Reconsider voltage-gain equation of
inverting amplifier.

Therefore,

However, since v1=0v & v1=v2

and

This means that if we replace the vin and R1 combination by a current source Iin, the
o/p voltage vo becomes proportional to i/p current Iin.
Differential Amplifier:

• Differential amplifier with one op-amp

• Differential amplifier with two op-amps
• Differential amplifier with three op-amps
•Differential amplifier with one op-amp
•Differential amplifier with two op-amps
•Differential amplifier with three op-amps
• The rate of change of gain as well as the phase shift can be changed by using
specific components with op-amp.
• The most commonly used components are resistors and capacitors.
• The network formed by such components and used for modifying the rate of
change of gain and phase shift is called compensating network.

“ The phase-lag and phase-lead are most commonly used

compensating networks in op-amps.”
• The main purpose of the compensating networks is to modify
the performance of an op-amp circuit over the desired frequency
range by controlling its gain and phase-shift.
Internally Compensated op-amps:
• The compensating network is designed into the circuit to control the gain and
phase shift of op-amp.
High-frequency model of an op-amp with single break frequency
High-frequency model of an op-amp with single break frequency

Two major sources are responsible for capacitive effect:

• Physical characteristics of semiconductor devices
• The internal construction of the op-amp
• Slew rate is caused by current limiting and saturation of
internal stages of an op-amp when a high frequency, large
amplitude signal is applied.
• The resulting current is the maximum current available to
charge the compensation network.