Population & Environment questions… Population &

10.1 – Introduction. Environment

1. What is population distribution?
2. What is population density?
3. What is fertility rate?
4. What 4 things determine the characteristics and rate of change of a population?
5. How does climate determine the characteristics of population in Mauritania?
6. What characteristic of the soil in Greenland limits population growth?
7. Name 2 things that limit population growth in Bhutan.
8. What is the approximate world population?
9. Name the 3 most populous countries of the world.
10. Which type of country sees the most rapid population growth?
Population & Environment questions… Population &
10.1 – Introduction.
Environment
1. What is population distribution?
The pattern of where people live/spread.
2. What is population density?
The number of people living in an area, per km square.
3. What is fertility rate?
Average number of children born per woman.
4. What 4 things determine the characteristics and rate of change of a population?
Climate, soils, topography, access to resources.
5. How does climate determine the characteristics of population in Mauritania?
90% of the country is desert, so 1/3 of people live along the SW coast.
6. What characteristic of the soil in Greenland limits population growth?
Permafrost. People mainly live along the South and West coast.
7. Name 2 things that limit population growth in Bhutan.
Himalayan mountains and the fact that it’s landlocked.
8. Name the 3 most populous countries of the world.
China (1.3 billion), India (1.2 billion) and the USA (0.3 billion).
9. Which type of country sees the most rapid population growth?
LICs.
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
10.2a – Environment and Population: food and agriculture

1. Where are the most oil crops produced?

2. How many calories are needed by people per day?
3. What is the double burden of malnutrition?
4. What is the depth of the food deficit?
5. Name 4 inputs, 2 processes and 4 outputs of the farming system.
6. What is a cooperative?
7. How do intensive farms differ from extensive farms?
8. Give two examples of agro-chemicals.
9. Explain how biotechnology can be used for crops and animals.
10. How can UPH help to solve food insecurity?
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
1. Where are the most oil crops produced?
South America
2. How many calories are needed by people per day?
Men 2500, women 2000.
3. What is the double burden of malnutrition?
LICs – not enough variety through poverty, HICs – eating the wrong sort of food.
4. What is the depth of the food deficit?
The difference between average food consumption and average food requirements. (Kcal per person per day)
5. Name 4 inputs, 2 processes and 4 outputs of the farming system.
Labour, rent, climate, relief, soil, seed, chemicals…… ploughing, weeding, harvesting…..products, pollution,
waste, soil erosion…..
6. What is a cooperative?
When farmers work together to maximise profit.
7. How do intensive farms differ from extensive farms?
Int = Large input of labour, machinery, capital. Ext = Large area of land, often monoculture, use of chemicals.
8. Give two examples of agro-chemicals.
Fertilisers and pesticides.
9. Explain how biotechnology can be used for crops and animals.
Crops – GM, animals – selective breeding.
10. How can UPH help to solve food insecurity?
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
10.2b – Environment and Population: climate and soils

1. Where are semi-arid climates and Mediterranean climates found?

2. What is the climate and vegetation like in a semi-arid region and Mediterranean region?
3. What challenges are semi-arid regions facing?
4. What challenges are Mediterranean regions facing?
5. What are zonal soils?
6. Where are ferralsols and podsols found?
7. What are the characteristics of ferralsols and podsols?
8. What are the problems associated with ferralsols and podsols?
9. What four soil problems did we study?
10. What six strategies to ensure food security did we study?
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
10.2b – Environment and Population: climate and soils

1. Where are semi-arid climates and Mediterranean climates found?

Semi-arid – between the tropics (not equator)
Mediterranean – 30 - 45°. Mediterranean, coastline of N and S America, Africa and Australia.
2. What is the climate and vegetation like in a semi-arid region and Mediterranean region?
Semi-arid – rainfall 25 – 50cm/year. Can be hot or cool (like the semi-arid regions of N America)
Mediterranean – rainfall around 50cm/year. Warm to hot summers, mild winters.
3. What challenges are semi-arid regions facing?
Population outstripping food, climate change and desertification.
4. What challenges are Mediterranean regions facing?
Development (tourism), climate change, decreasing rainfall.
5. What are zonal soils?
Those that have been forming for long periods of time, under the influence of climate and vegetation. They
will have well-defined horizons.
Population & Environment questions… Population &
10.2b – Environment and Population: climate and soils
Environment
6. Where are ferralsols and podsols found?
Ferralsols – tropical regions. Podsols – boreal and temperate regions.
7. What are the characteristics of ferralsols and podsols?
Ferralsols – well drained, deep, intensively weathered, red or yellow in colour, low pH, nutrients leached or
quickly recycled.
Podsols – dark and ash-grey in colour, red iron compounds, low pH, slow decomposition, hardpan layer or
iron and aluminium.
8. What are the problems associated with ferralsols and podsols?
Ferralsols – Drought-prone, low pH, removal of vegetation leads to erosion.
Podsols – low in nutrients, hard iron pan, waterlogging.
9. What four soil problems did we study?
Soil erosion, waterlogging, salinization and structural deterioriation.
10. What six strategies to ensure food security did we study?
Irrigation – increases crop yields by 100 – 400%
The Green Revolution and the New Green Revolution
Aquaculture
Aeroponics and hydroponics
Urban farming
Reducing food waste.
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
10.3 – Environment, health and well-being

1. What two measures do the World Health Organisation (WHO) use to measure health?
2. What is a person’s biological age?
3. What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?
4. Name two communicable and two non-communicable illnesses.
5. What is epidemiological transition?
6. What 4 environmental variables determine many diseases?
7. How does malaria spread?
8. Who is more susceptible to malaria?
9. Which countries are more affected by lung cancer?
10. Name two organisations who work to combat diseases at a global level.
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
1. What two measures do the World Health Organisation (WHO) use to measure health?
HALE (healthy life expectancy). DALYs (disability-adjusted living years). DALY = YLL (death) + YLD (disability)
2. What is a person’s biological age?
The age of someone’s body, regardless of chronological age.
3. What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?
Morbidity – illness (co-morbidity – when people have >1 illness). Mortality – death.
4. Name two communicable and two non-communicable illnesses.
Communicable - Malaria, HIV. Non-communicable - Cancer, Diabetes.
5. What is epidemiological transition?
Changes in the pattern of mortality and morbidity as a country develops.
6. What 4 environmental variables determine many diseases?
Latitude and climate, air pollution, topography and overcrowding.
7. How does malaria spread?
Anopheles mosquito carrying the plasmodium parasite. Humans become bitten, usually at night.
8. Who is more susceptible to malaria?
Young children, pregnant women, HIV/AIDS sufferers, travellers, returning migrants.
9. Which countries are more affected by lung cancer?
Wealthier and industrialising nations, e.g. the UK, China, the USA.
10. Name two organisations who work to combat diseases at a global level.
DFID (UK gov’t), WHO (part of UN), The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (est 2000).
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
10.4 – The relationship between place and health

1. What is a green infrastructure?

2. Which world cities are particularly ‘green’?
3. List some benefits of green spaces.
4. Where is the Bankside Open Spaces Trust?
5. What do the Bankside Open Spaces Trust do? Give examples.
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
10.4 – The relationship between place and health

1. What is a green infrastructure?

A network of green spaces.
2. Which world cities are particularly ‘green’?
Singapore (47%), Sydney (46%), London (38.4%)
3. List some benefits of green spaces.
Cooler air, lower runoff, better air quality, lower obesity rates, lower stress levels, social interactions, less
money spent on healthcare.
4. Where is the Bankside Open Spaces Trust?
Southwark, a borough in central London. It’s the 41st most deprived local authority in England. 1/3 of children
here live in poverty.
5. What do the Bankside Open Spaces Trust do? Give examples.
Sports days, open days, fundraising, planting events, music events, works with primary schools to encourage
healthy eating, training and work experience (especially to homeless people), ‘Edible Bankside’ – food
growing project.
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
10.5 – Population Change

1. How can populations change?

2. What are the 5 stages of the DTM?
3. Name 2 limitations to the DTM.
4. What are the two demographic dividends?
5. How do economic migrants differ from asylum seekers and refugees?
6. What is carrying capacity?
7. Draw Lee’s model of migration.
8. What is a transit country?
9. What is brain drain?
10. How can remittance payments bring benefits to source countries?
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
1. How can populations change?
Natural change and migration.
2. What are the 5 stages of the DTM?
High stationary, early expanding, late expanding, low stationery and decline.
3. Name 2 limitations to the DTM.
Fifth stage is new, different speeds, knowledge can be passed on, countries travelling in different directions…
4. What are the two demographic dividends?
First – stage 3, fertility rates fall, dependency ratio falls.
Second – stage 4, longer life expectancy, accumulation of pensions.
5. How do economic migrants differ from asylum seekers and refugees?
Economic migrants – travel for work, Asylum seekers leave through fear, they then become refugees.
6. What is carrying capacity?
The number of people that an area can support.
7. Draw Lee’s model of migration.
8. What is a transit country?
Where migrants stop temporarily.
9. What is brain drain?
The emigration of well educated people.
10. How can remittance payments bring benefits to source countries?
By migrants sending money home to support relatives.
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
10.6 – Tanzania

1. What is the annual population growth rate in Tanzania?

2. By 2050, how will Tanzania rank globally in terms of population?
3. How do environmental conditions in Tanzania affect population change?
4. What % of Tanzanians have HIV/AIDS?
5. How is the status of women changing in Tanzania and how has this impacted birth rates?
6. What is the desired number of children in Tanzanian families?
7. What is the net-migration like in Tanzania?
8. How can the government of Tanzania slow down population growth?
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
1. What is the annual population growth rate in Tanzania?
5.5%
2. By 2050, how will Tanzania rank globally in terms of population?
13th most populous country, 138 million people.
3. How do environmental conditions in Tanzania affect population change?
Spread of malaria – IRS and ITN both reduce infections in the north. Recent droughts have led to crop
failures, which has led to greater use of contraception.
4. What % of Tanzanians have HIV/AIDS?
Over 5% (1.3 million children orphaned).
5. How is the status of women changing in Tanzania and how has this impacted birth rates?
It’s improving, which has halved infant mortality and decreased maternal mortality.
6. What is the desired number of children in Tanzanian families?
5.3.
7. What is the net-migration like in Tanzania?
Small. It has a minimal impact on population change.
8. How can the government of Tanzania slow down population growth?
Economic development, family planning, education, changing perceptions of contraception, status of women.
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
10.7 – Principles of population ecology and their application to human populations.

1. What is the net replacement rate?

2. What is over, under and optimum population?
3. What is the IPAT equation (what does each letter stand for?)
4. What is an ecological footprint?
5. What is the population, resources and pollution model?
6. What did Malthus believe?
7. What do Neo-Malthusians believe?
8. What is the club of Rome?
9. What did Boserup believe?
10. What did Julian Simon believe?
Population & Environment questions… Population &
1. What is the net replacement rate? Environment
The number of female offspring produced by female members of the population.
2. What is over, under and optimum population?
Over – too many people for the resources, Under – too few people, Optimum – just right for high productivity.
3. What is the IPAT equation (what does each letter stand for?)
4. What is an ecological footprint?
Measures the impact that people/societies have on the Earth’s resources.
5. What is the population, resources and pollution model?
Shows how people interact with the environment.
6. What did Malthus believe?
Population levels (exponential growth) reach a ceiling, beyond which food supply is limited.
7. What do Neo-Malthusians believe?
The ideas of Malthus in a post-industrial society, where immigration and the deterioration of farmland have an
impact upon carrying capacities.
8. What is the club of Rome
Independent, non-profit making. Based on Malthusian ideas, in 1972 the Club of Rome wrote ‘The Limits to
Growth’. This model of population looked at five variables and how they would most likely change over time.
9. What did Boserup believe?
‘necessity is the mother of invention’.
10. What did Julian Simon believe?
‘The Ultimate Resource’ - the supply of natural resources is infinite and that the human brain is the ultimate
resource. He therefore supported the views of Boserup in terms of human innovation.
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
10.8 – Global Population Futures.

1. Who carries out population predictions?

2. How does ozone depletion impact upon human health?
3. How could climate change impact upon human health?
4. What is the UN high scenario?
5. What is the UN low scenario?
6. What is the UN medium scenario?
7. How might youthful populations be managed?
8. How might ageing populations be managed?
9. What % of countries have policies to tackle ageing populations?
10. What % of countries have policies to tackle immigration?
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
1. Who carries out population predictions?
National governments, international organisations, like the UN, the EU and the World Bank.
2. How does ozone depletion impact upon human health?
• Cataracts – when the lens of the eye becomes opaque, resulting in poor vision. Cause blindness for 20
million people per year, affecting health burden and DALYs, but not necessarily life expectancy.
• Skin cancer – most common at high latitudes, Australia and NZ have highest prevalence. Currently 0.7%
of cancer deaths, but could increase.
3. How could climate change impact upon human health?
• Thermal stress – heat waves and cold spells increase death rates. Climate change thought to cause more
summer deaths, but fewer winter ones. Net change could be overall reduction.
• Vector borne diseases – e.g. Malaria, which could find additional breeding grounds as climate belts shift.
This would lead to increase in deaths as newly affected countries have lack of immunity.
• Agricultural productivity – mid and high latitudes, crop productivity could increase as much as 30% by 2050
and cultivatable land could extend north. More co2 would encourage plant growth. Lower latitudes,
already marginal land will decrease in productivity. This affects nutritional standards and health.
4. What is the UN high scenario?
long-term fertility rates will be 2.35. By 2050, fertility will be 0.5 children above the medium scenario. After
2050, this gap is more like 0.25 or 0.3 children above the medium scenario.
5. What is the UN low scenario?
long-term fertility rates will be 1.85. By 2050, fertility will be 0.5 children below the medium scenario at 1.35.
After 2050, this gap is more like 0.2 or 0.25 children below the medium scenario.
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
10.8 – Global Population Futures.

6. What is the UN medium scenario?

forms the basis for the other two scenarios. Fertility levels by 2050 will be 1.85. The UN predicts that these
fertility rates will increase to replacement level (which, given lower mortality rates, will be 2.05) by the year
2175
7. How might youthful populations be managed?
Reducing fertility and increasing the use of contraception. Governments may provide or allow direct or
indirect support for family planning. Relaxing national laws regarding abortion may also be considered.
8. How might ageing populations be managed?
Care for the elderly, pro-natal policies and encouraging in-migration are often considered in this case. Some
countries may choose to increase the statutory retirement age to decrease the dependency ratio. Other
reforms to the pension system, e.g. changes to pension contributions, are also a possibility.
9. What % of countries have policies to tackle ageing populations?
92%
10. What % of countries have policies to tackle immigration?
11% want to raise it, 15% want to lower it.
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
10.9 and 10.10 – Uganda and the UK.

1. Where is Uganda?
2. How is Uganda’s population likely to change?
3. How could Uganda’s expanding population put pressure on the land?
4. What is likely to happen to dependency rates in Uganda?
5. How is the UK’s population likely to change?
6. What is likely to happen to pensions and tax?
7. How might immigration help the situation?
8. How do ageing populations impact on the environment?
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
10.9 and 10.10 – Uganda and the UK.

1. Where is Uganda?
Eastern Africa.
2. How is Uganda’s population likely to change?
Under the medium scenario, Uganda’s fertility rates remain high and its population is set to increase by 206%
by 2050. This is because of the momentum that results from a large proportion of the population being
young and yet to reach child-bearing age. Even under the low scenario, Uganda’s population will continue to
increase. By 2100, Uganda will be one of three countries (along with Niger and Yemen) that account for over
half of the world’s population growth.
3. How could Uganda’s expanding population put pressure on the land?
Population densities will increase to 441 persons per square metre. An increased population density could
lead to the degradation of agricultural land, soil erosion, deforestation and increased pollution.
4. What is likely to happen to dependency rates in Uganda?
Under all 3 scenarios, dependency rates in Uganda should decrease and the population pyramid will be
narrower at the base and wider in the middle.
Population & Environment questions… Population &
Environment
5. How is the UK’s population likely to change?
Population growth is less than 1%. Under the medium scenario, the UK’s fertility rates continue to fall and its
population is set to increase by 15% (from 65 to 75 million) by 2050. This is because of natural increase,
leading to increasingly long lifespans, and in-migration. Under the low scenario, the UK’s population will peak
around 2040 and then fall to around 68 million. The UK’s population will continue to age. The number of
people claiming the state pension is projected to increase by 28% by 2035 .
6. What is likely to happen to pensions and tax?
People may have to work longer into their old age. Taxes for the working population will also have to
increase to fund the cost. Older people also require more healthcare and are more likely to live alone,
increasing the pressure on housing stock.
7. How might immigration help the situation?
Immigration should increase fertility rates and push the UK towards the high scenario.
8. How do ageing populations impact on the environment?
Research has shown that older people:
• use more resources and so they have higher ecological footprints/higher carbon emissions.
• use more medication, leading to the bioaccumulation of pharmaceutical products within water sources.
• consume more energy for heating and are often more mobile, taking more holidays on average than
younger people.
• are more sceptical about environmental concerns.