CNC Machine Tools

Control Types of Machine Tools

•Mechanic Controlled
•Pin controlled
•Eccentric controlled
•Copy controlled
•Numeric controlled
•NC (Numerically Controlled)
•CNC(Computer Numerically Controlled)
 NUMERIC CONTROL MACHINE TOOLS

• Numeric control (NC) is to control and direct a movement

via numeric logic and numeric operations .

• NC machine tools (card with holes)

• NC machine tools + memory Computer Numeric
Control(CNC) machine tools .

• Direct Numeric Control (DNC) systems consists of CNC

machine tools.

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CNC Lathe CNC Machining Center

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 Features

• CNC Machine Tools

– Shorter setup times
– Quality Standardization
– Less tool holding
– Sensitive to working conditions
– Skilled operators (Needs programming)
– Safer
 Operations in CNC Machine Tools
Setup Activities:
-Generating program and uploading
-Workpiece holding
-Tool holding
-Determining reference points

Processing Workpiece:
-Movement of workpiece and cutting tools;
-Quality control

Processing activities  No operators

Setup ActivitiesOperator or automatic

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Motion Elements in CNC Machine Tools

• Slides for feed movement

– In conventional machine tools rack gear or bolt in
conventional machine tools
– Bolt with Ball bearing in NC and CNC machine tools

Bolt with ball bearing mechanism

 Components of CNC Machine Tools

• Control panel (button, screen)

• Control units (transforming program into 0-1)
• Servo motor for each axis
• Sensor for each axis
• Memory
• Tool Storage Unit (turret for CNC lathe, magazine for
CNC Machining Center)
Working Systematic for CNC Machine Tools
• Program uploaded from control panel
• Separation for geometric-technologic information is
made by control unit
• Required position and speed are determined for
cutting tool or workpiece in each axis by control unit
• Current position and speed are determined for
cutting tool or workpiece in each axis by sensors
• Comparison between current and required position is
made by comparator (an element in control unit)
• If there is a difference between current and requires
speed and position in an axis, signals are generated
and sent to servo motor of the related axis by control
unit.
 Sensors

• Transforming physical changes to electric

signals
– Heat sensors
– Pressure sensors
– Optic sensors
– Voice sensors
– Speed sensors
– Position sensors
 Speed Sensors

• Tachometer (generating voltage related to angular

speed of motor shaft)

Tachometer
 Position sensors

• Potantiometer
– Voltage generation related to change in position

Potantiometer
• Encoder
• Transforms change in angular position to electric signals
• Print coding via photo cells

Enkoder discs
Block Diagram for CNC Machine Tools
 Power Units
• Main motor, feed motors, supportive motors

• Main motor gives motion to spindle

• Feed motors gives motion to slides

• Supportive motors for cutting fluids etc.

• Servo motors for main and feed motors.

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 Servo Motors
• Programmable
• Position of the motor shaft canbe changed according to
codes
• Speed, position change, multi axis motion, measurement
and computer aided manufacturing (robots CNC
machine tools)
 Working Mechanism for Servo
Motors
• Servo motor
– Magnetic Rotational section linked to shaft (rotor)
– Constant part with winding (stator).
 Sensors in CNC Machine Tools
• Position, feed value, cutting speed
• Position measurement
• Direct and indirect
• Dijit veya analog
• Direct mesurement: Sensor on slide

• Indirect measurement: Sensor on bolt with ball bearing

• Tachometers for speed measurement

• Encoder for position measurement

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Direct (a), Indirect (b) Measurement 19
 (a)
Linear digit (a),
Rotational
digit(b)
Measurement

(b)
 Main Body

• Main Body: Bed + column

 Motion Transmission Elements
• Gears, clutch, coupler
 Bearings and Slides
• Bearings provide and support the movement of slides
linearly
• Friction
– Wears
– Loss of energy
– Increase in temperature
Lubrication
– Hydrostatic fluid lubrication
CNC Lathe
CNC Lathe
 Components..
• Main Motor
• Spindle
• Hydrolic chuck
• Center
 Turret
• Tools are hold to turret

Turret
 Control Unit and Control Panel
• Control panel
– Provide interface for operators (screen, buttons)
– Emergency stop, data entry, program call etc…
– Simulation view can be seen
• Control unit
– Programelectric signals to motors
CNC Machine Tool Selection Criteria
• Convenience in investment
– Tolerances
– Production speed
– Cost
– Number of operations
 1. Sizes of Products

• A detailed analysis
• %85 of overall product variety
• İnvestment cost versus income of %15
 2. Mechanic Structure

• According to machining operations

– Power
– Size of machine tool
– Bearing and slides
• Turcite B coated box type slides for eccentric or brittle materials
 3. Control Unit

• Brain of the machine tool (memory, processing speed,

accordance with CAM softwares)
• Fanuc the most frequently used in Turkey
• Spherical surfacesOi-TC, 21-IT, 18-IT, 16-IT)
• In machining centers for complex operations AICC or AI
NANO controlled (look ahead fonction integrated) (21İ-MB,
18İ-MB, 16İ-MB ..).
• Normal machining operationsFanuc Oi-Mate
4. Life of CNC Machine Tool
• Amortize itself and provide opprtunities for new
investments
5. Technology
• Accordance with new technologies and appropriate for
extension
6. User-friendliness
– Control panel
– Tool holding etc.
7. Flexibility
– Product variety
– Number of axes
– Capacity of turret or magazine

8. Reliability
• Continuity for processing quality (tolerances etc)
9. Safety
– Fire extinguishing
– Safety gate
– Dust and smoke removal system (vacuum property)
10. After sale service
– Maintenance and breakdowns,
– Training
– Spare parts supply
11. Cost
• Purchasing cost
• Maintenance cost
• Updating cost