Presentation

Group members:
Umar Farooq (17-BSc.Engg-19)
M. Haris Rauf (35-BSc.Engg-19)
Subject:
Basic Mechanical Engineering
Topic:
Fluid Mechanics
FLUID MECHANICS
 INTRODUCTION
Definition:
Fluid mechanics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the behavior of the fluids in rest and motion.
Explanation:
Matter generally has three types i.e. solid, liquid, gas and fourth state of matter plasma. The
liquids, gases and plasma are classified as fluids.
A fluid is a substance that continuously deforms under an external force.
Fluid mechanics cover the following topics:
1) Hydrostatics: The study of fluid at rest is called hydrostatics.
2) Kinematics: The study of fluid in motion, without considering the pressure forces and energy causing
motion is called fluid kinematics.
3) Dynamics: The study of fluid in motion, if the pressure forces and energy forces causing motion are
considered.
 FLUID FLOW
Fluid flow has different types:
1) Steady flow: In this flow, the velocity of the fluid is constant at any point.
2) Unsteady flow: The fluid’s velocity can differ between any two points.
3) Compressible flow: It is a flow in which variation of density within the fluid flow is constant.
4) Incompressible flow: It is a flow in which the flows are characterized by varying density.
5) Laminar flow: It is a flow in which each fluid particle has a well-defined path.
6) Turbulent flow: In this type of flow, the paths of fluid particles have undefined paths and they
may intersect each other.
 FEATURES OF FLUIDS
Some of the features of fluids are:
1) Capable of flowing and easily changing its shape.
2) Constantly changing or apt to variations.
3) Smooth in movement i.e. easy flow.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid mechanics have a great significance in our lives. With the help of fluid mechanics, we
can understand the behavior of fluid under various forces and at different atmospheric
conditions. Nowadays, fluids are an integral part of life. They are used in many applications
and various functions.
Fluid mechanics is applied in almost everywhere in our lives. We live a day full of fluid
mechanics. When we wake up, our room is cooled. This is due to the cool air circulating
inside it and it is a fluid.
When we wash our face, the water inside the taps is a fluid. For breakfast, we take food from
the refrigerator. The coolant at the back of the refrigerator and the air circulating inside it are
both fluids. Now, for cleaning purposes we use vacuum cleaner and proper suction of air and
filtering of dust requires knowledge of fluid mechanics.
Moreover, the mechanism of motorcycle also involves fluid mechanics. And also when we
want to print out some papers we need a printer and fluid mechanics is also involved there.
It is also involved in many other daily life activities.
So, we have seen a day full of fluid mechanics.
 TYPES OF FLUID
The types of fluid are:
1) Ideal fluid:
An ideal fluid is incompressible and it is an imaginary fluid that doesn’t exist in reality. Also, it
doesn’t have viscosity.
2) Ideal plastic fluid:
When the shear stress becomes proportional to the velocity gradient and more than the yield
value, the fluid is said to be the ideal plastic fluid.
3) Real fluid:
Fluids having viscosity are real fluids.
4) Newtonian fluid:
A fluid obeying Newton’s law of viscosity is said to be a Newtonian fluid.
Newton’s law of viscosity states that:
“ The shear stress between adjacent fluid layers is proportional to the velocity gradients between two
layers”.
5) Non-Newtonian fluid:
A fluid not obeying Newton’s law of viscosity is said to be a non-Newtonian fluid.
6) Incompressible fluid:
When the density of the fluid remains invariant with the application of external force, it is a
compressible fluid.
7) Compressible fluid:
When the density of the fluid remains variant with the application of external force, it is a
compressible fluid.
Graph related to fluid flow
 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
•Density:
Density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of the fluid to its volume.
•Viscosity
It is the ratio of applied shear stress to the obtained shear strain rate in fluids. Viscosity offers
resistance to the movement of fluid layers.
•Pressure
It is the term used in fluids which is analogues to the term stress used in solids. Both are the ratio of
applied force and area of surface (on which the force is applied).
•Specific gravity
Specific gravity of fluids is defined as the ratio of density of a particular fluid to the density of
standard fluid (generally water).
•Mass Density
Mass per unit volume is known as mass density of fluid.
•.
•Specific weight
Weight per unit volume is known as mass density of fluid
•Temperature:
Temperature is the property that determines the level of warmth of coolness or intensity of heat of
fluid.
•Specific volume
Volume per unit mass is known as specific volume.
•Vapor pressure
Pressure exerted by the vapor when it is in thermodynamic equilibrium with
its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system is known as vapor
pressure.
•Compressibility
It is a measure of the change in volume of a fluid in response to a change in pressure.
•Surface tension
It is the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible.
APPLICATION AREAS OF FLUID MECHANICS
The number of fluid applications are numerous. When we think about it we see that everything in
our planet is either a fluid or moves within or near a fluid. We will demonstrate some of the fluid
applications as follows:
Fluid mechanics in wind turbine:
As fluid flows through a turbine, the energy of flowing wind get transferred to the turbine according
to the Bernoulli’s principle. As the fluid flows over the blade of the turbine, the blades having such
design that the velocity of fluid flowing above and below the turbine blades are different and hence
creating a pressure difference between above and below the blade and so exerting a net force and
giving a rotation to the shaft of the turbine.
Fluid mechanics in football:
The flow rate of the football depends upon the shape of the football. The shape in designed in sphere
shape to cut through the air. The flow rate of the football is very laminar.
NUMERICAL