COCKPIT

 A cockpit is the area usually nearer the front of a

piloted aircraft from which a pilot controls the aircraft .

 The cockpit is also commonly referred to as the

flight deck .

 Most modern cockpits are fully enclosed, except on

some small aircraft, and cockpits on large airliners are
also physically separated from the cabin.

 Cockpit as a term for the pilot's compartment in an

aircraft first appeared in 1914 .
In modern planes, the seats in the cockpit are
designed ergonomically, for comfort during long
flights. A third, or jump seat, may be present,
which can be used by observers or invited people
The flight deck comprises the main displays and controls for
flying the aircraft, as well as their location in the cockpit
environment. A typical airliner will have the main displays in the
instrumentation panel, in front of the pilots, and the controls
around him (central pedestal and side consoles) and above him
(overhead panel).
The flight controls and instrument panel
are in the front of the cockpit.
A yoke is, perhaps, the prototypical flight control,
positioned right in front of each pilot. It controls pitch
(nose up/down via pull/push inputs) and roll (left/right
bank via left/right turn inputs), and may control trim, as
well. However, pitch and bank can also be controlled via a
stick, as in some
Airbus's models.
The control wheel or yoke is used to steer the airplane
in different directions.

Turning Left Straight and Level Turning Right

Side Stick

Some airplanes have a

stick rather than a wheel
but it works the same.

FLIGHT CONTROLS
Moving the yoke LEFT or RIGHT moves the ailerons on the
wings in opposite directions. One moves UP as the other
goes DOWN.

Turning Left Turning Right

FLIGHT CONTROLS
Pulling back on the yoke moves the elevator on the tail
UP, moving the airplane nose UP to climb.

FLIGHT CONTROLS
Pushing forward moves the elevator DOWN, moves the
nose DOWN to descend.

FLIGHT CONTROLS
They are positioned on the floor in front of the pilots, and
act on the rudder, at the tail of the aircraft. They control
yaw while flying, as well as steer the aircraft on the
ground.
Pilots use rudder pedals on the floor to move the
rudder LEFT or RIGHT to help the airplane turn.

Brakes are
located at the
top or “toe” of
the pedal

FLIGHT CONTROLS
 It normally contains the throttle and other
engine controls, input keyboards for the
navigational system, etc.
A throttle lever, more
often referred to as a
thrust lever or power
lever, is the means by
which the pilot
controls the amount of
fuel provided to the
engine with which it is
associated.
It contains miscellaneous controls and features
not directly involved in flying. E.g. air
conditioning, anti-ice controls, cabin
pressurization controls, oxygen controls, etc.
The main instrument panel holds the most
important flight displays regarding both flight
performance and aircraft status.
There are six primary instruments that have become standard in
any instrument panel. Since the early 1970s, these have been
arranged in a standard layout referred to as “the six pack.” They
are laid out in two rows of three instruments each. The top row,
from left to right, contains the (1) airspeed indicator (ASI), (2)
the attitude indicator (AI) and (3) the altimeter (ALT).
The bottom row contains
(4) the turn coordinator (TC),
(5) the heading indicator (HI)
or the directional gyro (DG)
and (6) the vertical speed indicator
(VSI)
The airspeed indicator shows speed through the air --- not

over the ground.

The ASI measures and promptly indicates the difference between pitot
(impact/dynamic pressure) and static pressure. These two pressures are equal
when the aircraft is parked on the ground in calm air. There are multiple types of
airspeeds. For example, Indicated airspeed (IAS), Calibrated airspeed (CAS),
True airspeed (TAS), Groundspeed (GS).

The pitot tube on the The static port

wing catches on- measures static or
rushing air. This “ram still air – air that is
air” is compared to not affected by the
“static” air to airplane’s speed
determine air speed. through the air
BASIC INSTRUMENTS
 The attitude indicator provides an artificial horizon to
show the pilot the airplane’s position in relation to the
ground.

Here, the airplane is banking left

with its nose on the horizon —
where brown “ground” meets
blue “sky.”
BASIC INSTRUMENTS
The instrument gives an instantaneous
indication of even the smallest changes in
attitude. If the symbolic aircraft dot is
above the horizon line (blue background)
the aircraft is nose up. If the symbolic
aircraft dot is below the horizon line
(brown background) the aircraft is nose
down.
The altimeter measures air pressure outside the airplane
and compares it to air pressure at sea level to determine
altitude.

Altitude can be determined

based on the measurement of
atmospheric pressure. The
greater the altitude the lower
the pressure. BASIC INSTRUMENTS
The turn coordinator shows if the wings are level or banked.
The position of the ball indicates if the airplane is turning
properly.

Turn Coordinator

The ball is centered when

the turn is balanced by rudder

BASIC INSTRUMENTS
 The heading indicator displays the direction of flight.

The instrument points north and

thus allows the pilot to tell which
way she or he is flying. The
heading indicator is
fundamentally a mechanical
instrument designed to facilitate BASIC INSTRUMENTS
the use of the magnetic compass
The vertical speed indicator uses changes in air pressure
to indicate rate of climb or descent.

The VSI, which is sometimes called a

vertical velocity indicator (VVI),
indicates whether the aircraft is
climbing, descending, or in level
flight. These instruments are marked
with a zero point which will, if
correctly calibrated, indicate level
flight and identical positive and
negative scales above and below the
zero point. A positive reading
indicates an increase in altitude or
climb status; a negative reading shows
a descent or decrease in altitude.
BASIC INSTRUMENTS
Pilots increasingly use GPS satellite navigation to display
position and ground speed, locate nearby airports, and
plot course, distance and time to any destination

Flat-panel GPS moving maps and flight

displays are just the ones in airliners and
some cars.

GPS can be small, handheld

and portable.
 Pilots use radios to communicate with air traffic
control and other pilots. Other radios also are used to
navigate using ground stations or satellites.

COMMUNICATION
Most airplanes have a radar transponder that shows
their location, speed and altitude to air traffic
controllers

An assigned
four-digit
code helps
identify a
particular
airplane on a
controller’s
radar screen

COMMUNICATION
 GLASS COCKPIT
 A glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit that
features electronic instrument displays .

 A glass cockpit utilizes several computer

displays that can be adjusted to display flight
information as needed .
A BOEING 777 glass cockpit
COCKPIT OF CESSNA 172
VC-10 (1960s) The Vickers VC10 airliner featured an analog cockpit,
with old-style instruments.
Heavily automated AIRBUS
Airbus A319 cockpit