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Introduction To Operational Amplifiers
Introduction To Operational Amplifiers
INTRODUCTION TO
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Objectives
• Describe basic op-amp characteristics.
• Discuss op-amp modes and
parameters.
• Explain negative feedback.
• Analyze inverting, non-inverting,
voltage follower and inverting op-amp
configurations.
BASIC OP-AMP
Symbol and Terminals
Vin(-)
Vo
Taken from National
Vin(+) Semiconductor
data sheet as shown on the web.
Zout=0
Av=∞
Zin
Vin
AvVin
Zout
+
Figure 2b: Practical op-amp
representation
OP-AMP INPUT MODES AND
PARAMETERS
Input Signal Modes
A) Single-Ended Input
• Operation mode;
_
V out
+
.
Figure 3a
• When the signal voltage is applied to the noninverting
input with the inverting input grounded,
_
V out
V in
.
+
Figure 3b
B) Differential Input
• Operation mode;
V in1 .
V out
V in2
.
+
Figure 3c
C) Common-Mode Input
• Operation mode
• Two signal voltages of the same phase, frequency and
amplitude are applied to the two inputs. (figure 3d)
• When equal input signals are applied to both inputs, they
cancel, resulting in a zero output voltage.
• This action is called common-mode rejection.
• Means that this unwanted signal will not appear on the
output and distort
V in . the desired signal.
_ V out
V in
+
.
Figure 3d
Common-Mode Rejection
•
Ratio
Desired signals can appear on only
• one input or
• with opposite polarities on both input lines.
• These desired signals are
• amplified and appear on the output.
• Unwanted signals (noise) appearing with the same polarity
on both input lines are
• essentially cancelled by the op-amp and do not appear
on the output.
• The measure of an amplifier’s ability to reject common-
mode signal is called
• CMRR (common-mode rejection ration).
• Ideally, op-amp provides
• a very high gain for desired signal (single-ended or
differential)
• zero gain for common-mode signal.
• The higher the open-loop gain with respect to the
common-mode gain,
• the better the performance of the op-amp in terms of
rejection of common-mode signals.
Aol
• Therefore; CMRR
Acm
V1 _
I2 Vout
+
V2
Figure 4a: Input bias current is the average of the two op-amp input currents.
ZIN(d) .
ZIN(cm)
.
Zout
.
_
V out
+
V in
–Vmax to its upper limit Figure 4f: Step input voltage and
+Vmax, once the input step the resulting output voltage
is applied.
• The slew rate is expressed as
Vout
t
10
0
t
-9
-10
2μs
12μs
• Noninverting amplifier is
• an op-amp connected in a closed-loop with a controlled
amount of voltage gain is shown in figure 5.
• The input signal is applied to
• the noninverting (+) input.
• The output is applied back to
• the inverting (-) input through the feedback circuit
(closed loop) formed by the input resistor R i and the
feedback resistor Rf.
• This creates negative feedback as follows.
• Resistor Ri and Rf form a voltage divider circuit, which
reduces Vout and connects the reduced voltage Vf to the
inverting input.
Ri
V V
• The feedback voltage is expressed as f R R out
i f
Vout 1 Ri R f
Acl ( NI )
• The closed-loop gainVin of the
B noninverting
Ri (NI) amplifier is
Ri
B
Ri R f
Rf
• Where Acl ( NI ) 1
Ri
Example 3
Determine the gain of the amplifier in figure below. The
open-loop voltage gain of the op-amp is 100,000.
V in +
V out
_
Rf
100kΩ
Ri
4.7kΩ
Answer: 22.3
Voltage-Follower
_
Vout
+
Vin
Figure 6: Op-amp
voltage-follower
Acl(VF)=1
Ri
_
Vout
Vin Aol
+
Figure 7: Inverting
Amplifier
• Inverting amplifier
• An op-amp connected with a controlled amount of
voltage gain. (figure 7)
• The input signal is applied through a series input resistor
Ri to the inverting (-) input.
• The output is fed back through Rf to the same input.
• The noninverting (+) input is grounded.
• For inverting amplifier
Vout Rf
Vin Ri
R
This gain is independent ofAthe op-amp’sf internal open-
•
cl ( I )
loop gain. R i
Example 4
Given the op-amp configuration in figure below, determine
the value of Rf required to produce a closed-loop voltage
gain of -100.
Rf
Ri
_
2.2kΩ Vout
Vin
Aol
+
Answer: 220 kΩ
Op-amp Impedances