LCA13 PPT ADA 0103

College Algebra
Thirteenth Edition
Chapter 1
Equations and
Inequalities
Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 1
Section 1.3 Complex Numbers
• Basic Concepts of Complex Numbers
• Operations on Complex Numbers
Basic Concepts of Complex
Numbers (1 of 5)
There is no real number solution of the
equation 2
x  1.
since no real number, when squared, gives
−1. To extend the real number system to
include solutions of equations of this type, the
number i is defined to have the following
property.
i  1, and therefore, i  1. 2
Numbers (2 of 5)
If a and b are real numbers, then any
number of the a + bi is a complex
number.
form
In the complex number a  bi, a is the real
part and b is the imaginary part.
Numbers (3 of 5)
Two complex numbers a  bi and c  di
are equal provided that their real parts are
equal and their imaginary parts are equal;
that is
a  bi  c  di if and only if a = c and b = d.
Numbers (4 of 5)
For complex number a  bi, if b = 0, then
a  bi  a.
Thus, the set of real numbers is a subset of
the set of complex numbers.
Numbers (5 of 5)
If a = 0 and b  0, the complex number is said
to be a pure imaginary number.
A pure imaginary number, or a number like

7  2i with a  0 and b  0, is a nonreal
complex number.
A complex number written in the form a  bi

or a  ib  is in standard form.
Complex Numbers a + bi, for a and b
Real
The Expression the Square Root of −a
If a  0, then  a  i a .
Example 1: Writing the Square Root of
−a as i Times the Square Root of a (1 of 3)
Write as the product of a real number and i,
using the definition of  a.
(a) 16
Solution
16  i 16  4i
(b) 70
Solution
70  i 70
(c) 48
Solution
Product rule
48  i 48  i 16  3  4i 3 for radicals
Operations on Complex Numbers (1 of 3)
Products or quotients with negative radicands
are simplified by first rewriting  a as i a
for a positive number a.
Then the properties of real numbers and the

fact that i  1 are applied
2
Caution
When working with negative radicands, use
the definition
a  i a
before using any of the other rules for
radicals.
Caution In particular, the rule
c  d  cd
is valid only when c and d are not both
negative.
4  9  2i  3i  6i 2  6 is correct,
while
4  9  (4)(9)  36  6 is incorrect.
Example 2: Finding Products and Quotients
Involving the Square Root of −a (1 of 4)
Multiply or divide, as indicated. Simplify each

answer.
(a) 7  7
Solution
7  7  i 7  i 7
 
2
i  7
2
 1 7 i 2  1
 7

answer.
(b) 6  10
Solution
6  10  i 6  i 10
 i  60
2
 1 4 15
 1 2 15
 2 15

answer.
20
(c)
2
Solution
20 i 20 20 Quotient rule
   10 for radicals
2 i 2 2

answer.
48
(d)
24
Solution
48 i 48 48
 i i 2
24 24 24
Example 3: Simplifying a Quotient
8  128
Write in standard form a  bi.
4
Solution
8  128 8  64  2

4 4
8  8i 2
 64  8i
4
Example 3: Simplifying a Quotient
8  128
Write in standard form a  bi.
4
Solution
8  8i 2

4


4 2  2i 2  Factor.
4
 2  2i 2 Lowest terms
Addition and Subtraction of Complex
Numbers
For complex numbers a  bi and c  di,
(a  bi )  (c  di )  (a  c)  (b  d )i
and (a  bi )  (c  di )  (a  c)  (b  d )i.
Example 4: Adding and Subtracting
Complex Numbers (1 of 2)
Find each sum or difference. Write answers
in standard form.
(a) (3  4i )  (2  6i)
Solution
Example 4: Adding and Subtracting
Complex Numbers (2 of 2)
Find each sum or difference.
(b) (4  3i)  (6  7i)
Solution
(4  3i )  (6  7i )  (4  6)  3  (7) i
 10  10i
Multiplication of Complex
Numbers (1 of 2)
The product of two complex numbers is
found by multiplying as though the numbers
were binomials and using the fact that  1,
2
i
as follows.
(a  bi )(c  di )  ac  adi  bic  bidi FO I L
 ac  adi  bci  bdi 2
 ac  (ad  bc)i  bd (1) Distributive
property;
 (ac  bd )  (ad  bc)i i 2  1
Multiplication of Complex
Numbers (2 of 2)
For complex numbers a  bi and c  di,
(a  bi )(c  di )  (ac  bd )  (ad  bc )i.
Example 5: Multiplying Complex
Numbers (1 of 4)
Find each product.
(a) (2  3i)(3  4i)
Solution
(2  3i )(3  4i )  2(3)  2(4i)  3i(3)  3i(4i) FOIL
 6  8i  9i  12i 2 Multiply.
 6  i  12(1) Combine like terms; i 2  1
 18  i Standard form
Numbers (2 of 4)
Find each product.
(b) (4  3i ) 2
Solution
(4  3i ) 2  42  2(4)(3i)  (3i) 2 Square of a
binomial
 16  24i  9i 2 Multiply.
 16  24i  9(1) i 2  1
 7  24i Standard form
Numbers (3 of 4)
Find each product.
(c) (6  5i )(6  5i)
Solution
(6  5i )(6  5i )  6 2  (5i) 2 Product of the sum
and difference of two
terms
 36  25(1) i 2  1
 36  25 Multiply.
 61, or 61  0i Standard form
Numbers (4 of 4)
Example 5(c) showed that
(6  5i )(6  5i)  61
The numbers 6  5i and 6  5i differ only in
the sign of their imaginary parts and are
called complex conjugates. The product of
a complex number and its conjugate is
always a real number. This product is the
sum of the squares of real and imaginary
parts.
Property of Complex Conjugates
For real numbers a and b,
(a  bi )(a  bi )  a  b . 2 2
Example 6: Dividing Complex
Numbers (1 of 5)
Find each quotient. Write answers in
standard form.
3  2i
(a)
5i
Solution Multiply by the
3  2i (3  2i )(5  i ) complex conjugate of
 the denominator in
5i (5  i )(5  i ) both the numerator
and the denominator.
15  3i  10i  2i 2
 Multiply.
25  i 2
Numbers (2 of 5)
Find each quotient.
3  2i
(a)
5i
Solution
13  13i
 Combine like terms; i 2  1
26
13 13i a  bi a bi
   
26 26 c c c
Numbers (3 of 5)
Find each quotient.
3  2i
(a)
5i
Solution
1 1
  i Write in lowest terms and
2 2 standard form.
Check
1 1 
  i  (5  i )  3  2i
2 2 
Numbers (4 of 5)
Find each quotient. Write answers in standard
form.
3
(b)
i
Solution 3 3(i )
 −i is the conjugate of i.
i i (i )
3i
 2 Multiply.
i
Numbers (5 of 5)
Find each quotient.
3
(b)
i
Solution
3i
 i 2  1 1  1
1
 3i, or 0  3i Standard form
Simplifying Powers of i
Powers of i can be simplified using the facts
i  1 and i  (i )  (1)  1.
2 4 2 2 2
Powers of i (1 of 2)
i1  i
i 2  1
i 3  i
i4  1
i5  i
i 6  1
i 7  i
i 8  1 and so on.
Powers of i (2 of 2)
Powers of i cycle through the same four
outcomes (i, −1, −i, and 1) since i has the
4
same multiplicative property as 1. Also, any

power of i with an exponent that is a multiple
of 4 has value 1. As with real numbers,
i  1.
0
Example 7: Simplifying Powers of i (1 of 2)
Simplify each power of i.
(a) i15
Solution
Since i 4  1, write the given power as a product
involving i 4 .
i  i  i  i
15 12 3

4 3
 i 3  13 (i )  i
Example 7: Simplifying Powers of i (2 of 2)
Simplify each power of i.
3
(b) i
Solution
Multiply i 3 by 1 in the form of i 4 to create the
least positive exponent for
i. 3 3 3
i  i 1 i  i  i
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College Algebra

a  bi  c  di if and only if a = c and b = d.

A pure imaginary number, or a number like

A complex number written in the form a  bi

Then the properties of real numbers and the

Multiply or divide, as indicated. Simplify each

Multiply or divide, as indicated. Simplify each

Multiply or divide, as indicated. Simplify each

Multiply or divide, as indicated. Simplify each

same multiplicative property as 1. Also, any

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