LCA13 PPT ADA 0104

College Algebra
Thirteenth Edition
Chapter 1
Equations and
Inequalities
Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 1
Section 1.4 Quadratic Equations
• The Zero-Factor Property
• The Square Root Property
• Completing the Square
• The Quadratic Formula
• Solving for a Specified Variable
• The Discriminant
Quadratic Equation in One Variable
An equation that can be written in the form
ax  bx  c  0,
2
where a, b, and c are real numbers with

a  0, is a quadratic equation. The given
form is called standard form.
Second-degree Equation
A quadratic equation is a second-degree
equation—that is, an equation with a
squared variable term and no terms of
greater degree.
x 2  25, 4 x 2  4 x  5  0, 3x 2  4 x  8
Zero-Factor Property
If a and b are complex numbers with ab  0,
then a = 0 or b = 0 or both equal zero.
Example 1: Using the Zero-Factor
Property
Solve 6 x 2  7 x  3.
Solution
6x2  7 x  3
6x2  7 x  3  0 Standard form
(3 x  1)(2 x  3)  0 Factor.
3 x  1  0 or 2x  3  0 Zero-factor property
3 x  1 or 2 x  3 Solve each equation.
1 3
x  or x  
3 2
Square Root Property (1 of 3)
A quadratic equation of the form x  k can 2
also be solved by factoring.

x k 2
x2  k  0 Subtract k.
 x  k  x  k   0 Factor.
x  k  0 or x  k  0 Zero-factor property.
x  k or x   k Solve each equation.
If  k , then
x 2
x  k or x   k .
That is, the solution set x  k is
2
 k ,  k , which may be abbreviated  k .

of
Both solutions are real if k > 0, and both are
pure imaginary if k < 0. If k < 0, we write the
solution set as i k .  
If k = 0, then there is only one distinct solution,
0, sometimes called a double solution.
Example 2: Using the Square Root
Property (1 of 3)
Solve each quadratic equation.
(a) x  17
2
Solution
By the square root property, the solution set of

x  17 is  17 .
2

Property (2 of 3)
(b) x  25
2
Solution
Since 1  i,
the solution set of x 2
 25 is 5i.
Property (3 of 3)
(c)  x  4   12
2
Solution
( x  4)  122
Generalized square
x  4   12 root property
x  4  12 Add 4.
x  42 3 12  4  3  2 3
Solving a Quadratic Equation by
Completing the Square
To solve ax  bx  c  0, where a  0, by completing the
2
square, use these steps.

Step 1 if a  1, divide both sides of the equation by a.
Step 2 Rewrite the equation so that the constant term is
alone on one side of the equality symbol.
Step 3 Square half the coefficient of x, and add this square
to each side of the equation.
Step 4 Factor the resulting trinomial as a perfect square and
combine like terms on the other side.
Step 5 Use the square root property to complete the
solution.
Example 3: Using Completing the
Square (a = 1) (1 of 2)
Solve x  4 x  14  0.
2
Solution x  4 x  14  0
2
Step 1 This step is not necessary since a = 1.

Step 2 x  4 x  14
2 Add 14 to each side.
2
 1 ( 4)   4;
Step 3 x  4 x  4  14  4
2  2 
add 4 to each side.
Step 4 ( x  2) 2  18 Factor. Combine

like terms.
Square (a = 1) (2 of 2)
Solve x  4 x  14  0.
2
Solution
Step 5 x  2   18 Square root property.
x  2  18 Add 2 to each side.
x  23 2 Simplify the radical.
The solution set is 2  3 2 .  

Square (a Not Equals 1) (1 of 3)
Solve 9 x  12 x  9  0.
2
Solution
9 x 2  12 x  9  0
4
x  x 1  0
2
Divide by 9. (Step 1)
3
4 Subtract 1 from each
x  x  1
2
side. (Step 2)
3
4 4 4 2
 1  4  4 4
x  x   1 
2
   
 2  3   9 ; Add
9
3 9 9
to each side. (Step 3)
Solve 9 x  12 x  9  0.
2
Solution
2
 x  2  5 Factor. Combine like
 
 3 9 terms. (Step 4)
2 5 Square root property
x  
3 9 (Step 5)
Solve 9 x  12 x  9  0 by completing the
2
square.
Solution 2 5 5 i 5
x  i 5
   , or
5
i
3 3 9 9 3 3
2 5 2
x  i Add to each side.
3 3 3
2 5 
The solution set is   i  .
3 3 
The Quadratic Formula
If we start with the equation ax  bx  c  0, 2
for a > 0, and complete the square to solve

for x in terms of the constants a, b, and c, the
result is a general formula for solving any
quadratic equation.
Quadratic Formula
The solutions of the quadratic equation
ax 2  bx  c  0, where a  0, are given by the
quadratic formula.
b  b  4ac 2
x
2a
Caution (1 of 2)
Remember to extend the fraction bar in the
quadratic formula extends under the −b term
in the numerator.
Example 5: Using the Quadratic
Formula (Real Solution) (1 of 2)
Solve x  4 x  2.
2
Solution
x2  4x  2  0 Write in standard form.
Here a = 1, b = −4, c = 2.
b  b 2  4ac
x Quadratic formula
2a
( 4)  ( 4) 2  4(1)(2)
x
2(1)
Example 5: Using the Quadratic
Formula (Real Solution) (2 of 2)
Solve x  4 x  2
2
Solution x  4  16  8
2 Simplify.
42 2
x 16  8  8  4  2  2 2
2
x
2 2 2  Factor out 2 in the numerator.
2
x  2 2 Lowest terms
The solution set is 2  2.

Example 6: Using the Quadratic Formula
(Nonreal Complex Solutions) (1 of 2)
Solve 2 x  x  4.
2
Solution
2x2  x  4  0 Write in standard form.
(1)  (1) 2  4(2)(4) Quadratic formula

x with a = 2, b = −1,
2(2) c=4
1  1  32
x
4
Example 6: Using the Quadratic Formula
(Nonreal Complex Solutions) (2 of 2)
Solve 2 x  x  4.
2
Solution
1  31
x Simplify.
4
1  i 31
x 1  i
4
1 31 
The solution set is   i .
4 4 
Cubic Equation
The equation x  8  0 is called a cubic
3
equation because the greatest degree of

the terms is 3.
Example 7: Solving a Cubic
Equation (1 of 3)
Solve x 3  8  0 using factoring and the
quadratic formula.
Solution
x3  8  0
 x  2  x  2 x  4   0
2
Factor as a sum of cubes.
x  2  0 or x 2  2 x  4  0 Zero-factor property
(2)  (2) 2  4(1)(4)

x  2 or x 
2(1)
Quadratic formula with a = 1, b = −2, c = 4
Equation (2 of 3)
Solve x  8  0.
3
Solution
2  12
x Simplify.
2
2  2i 3
x Simplify the radical.
2
x

2 1 i 3  Factor out 2 in
2 the numerator.
Equation (3 of 3)
Solve x  8  0.
3
Solution
x  1 i 3 Lowest terms
The solution set is 2,1  i 3.
Example 8: Solving for a Quadratic
Variable in a Formula (1 of 5)
Solve each equation for the specified variable.
Use  when taking square
d2
roots.
(a) A  , for d
4
Solution
d2
A
4
4A   d 2 Multiply each side by 4.
4A
 d2 Divide each side by 

Use  when taking square roots.
d2
(a) A  , for d
4
Solution d 
4A
Square root property

 4A  
d  Multiply by .
  
d2
(a)A , for d
4
Solution
 4A Multiply numerators.
d Multiply denominators.

2 A Simplify the radical.
d

Use  when taking square
2 roots.
(b rt  st  k (r  0), for t
)Solution
2
Becaus rt  st  k has terms with t and t,
2
use
e the quadratic formula.
r t  st  k  0
2
Write in standard form.
b  b  4ac
2
t Quadratic formula
2a
(b) rt 2  st  k (r  0), for t
Solution
( s )  ( s )  4( r )( k )
2 Here, a = r,
t b = −s, and
2r c = −k.
s  s 2  4rk Simplify.
t
2r
Solving for a Specified Variable
Note In Example 8, we took both positive
and negative square roots. However, if the
variable represents time or length in an
application, we consider only the positive
square root.
The Discriminant (1 of 2)
The Discriminant The quantity under the
radical in the quadratic formula, b  4ac, is
2
called the discriminant.
b  b  4ac 2
Discriminant
x
2a
The Discriminant (2 of 2)
Number of
Discriminant Type of Solutions
Solutions
Positive, perfect
Two Rational
square
Positive, but not a

Two Irrational
perfect square
One
Zero Rational
(a double solution)
Negative Two Nonreal complex
Another Caution
The restriction on a, b, and c is important.
For example,
x  5x  1  0
2
has discriminant b  4ac  5  4  9, which

2
would indicate two rational solutions if the

coefficients were integers. By the quadratic
formula, the two solutions 5  3
are irrational numbers. 2

Example 9: Using the Discriminant (1 of 3)
Evaluate the discriminant for each equation. Then use it to
determine the number of distinct solutions, and tell whether
they are rational, irrational, or nonreal complex numbers.
(a) 5 x 2  2 x  4  0
Solution
For 5 x  2 x  4  0, use a  5, b  2, and c  4.
2
b 2  4ac  22  4(5)(4)  84
The discriminant 84 is positive and not a perfect
square, so there are two distinct irrational solutions.
(b) x  10 x  25
2
Solution
First, write the equation in standard form as
x 2  10 x  25  0. Thus, a  1, b  10, and c  25.
b 2  4ac  (10) 2  4(1)(25)  0
There is one distinct rational solution, a double
solution.
(c) 2 x 2  x  1  0
Solution
For 2 x  x  1  0, use a  2, b  1, and c  1.
2
b  4ac  (1)  4(2)(1)  7.

2 2
There are two distinct nonreal complex

solutions. (They are complex conjugates.)

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LCA13 PPT ADA 0104

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College Algebra

where a, b, and c are real numbers with

also be solved by factoring.

x  k or x   k Solve each equation.

 k ,  k , which may be abbreviated  k .

square, use these steps.

Step 1 This step is not necessary since a = 1.

Step 4 ( x  2) 2  18 Factor. Combine

x  2  18 Add 2 to each side.

x  23 2 Simplify the radical.

The solution set is 2  3 2 .  

for a > 0, and complete the square to solve

The solution set is 2  2.

(1)  (1) 2  4(2)(4) Quadratic formula

equation because the greatest degree of

(2)  (2) 2  4(1)(4)

The solution set is 2,1  i 3.

called the discriminant.

Positive, but not a

Negative Two Nonreal complex

has discriminant b  4ac  5  4  9, which

would indicate two rational solutions if the

are irrational numbers. 2

b  4ac  (1)  4(2)(1)  7.

There are two distinct nonreal complex

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