LCA13 - PPT - ADA - 0102 2

College Algebra
Thirteenth Edition
Chapter 1
Equations and
Inequalities
Copyright © 2021, 2017, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 1
Section 1.2 Applications and Modeling with Linear
Equations
• Solving Applied Problems
• Geometry Problems
• Motion Problems
• Mixture Problems
• Modeling with Linear Equations
Solving an Applied Problem (1 of 2)
Step 1 Read the problem carefully until you
understand what is given and what is to be found.
Step 2 Assign a variable to represent the unknown
value, using diagrams or tables as needed. Write
down what the variable represents. If necessary,
express any other unknown values in terms of the
variable.
Solving an Applied Problem (2 of 2)
Step 3 Write an equation using the variable
expression(s).
Step 4 Solve the equation.
Step 5 State the answer to the problem. Does it
seem reasonable?
Step 6 Check the answer in the words of the
original problem.
Example 1: Finding the Dimensions of a Square (1 of
7)
If the length of each side of a square is

increased by 3 cm, the perimeter of the new
square is 40 cm more than twice the length of
the original square. Find the dimensions of
the original square.
Solution
Step 1 Read the problem. We must find the
length of the original square.
7)
Step 2 Assign a variable. Since

the length of a side of the original
square is to be found, let the
variable represent this length.
x = length of a side of the original
square in cm
The length of a side of the new
square is 3 cm more than the
length of a side of the old
square.
x + 3 = the length of a side of the
new square
7)
Step 2 Assign a variable.

Write a variable expression for the perimeter
of the new square. The perimeter of a square
is 4 times the length of a side.
4( x  3)  the perimeter of the new square
7)
Step 3 Write an equation. Translate the

English sentence that follows into its
equivalent algebraic expression.
7)
Step 4 Solve the equation.

4 x  12  40  2 x Distributive property
2 x  28 Subtract 2x and 12.

x  14 Divide by 2.
7)
Step 5 State the answer. Each side of the

original square measures 14 cm.
7)
Step 6 Check. Go back to the words of the

original problem to see that all necessary
conditions are satisfied
The length of a side of the new square would
be 14 + 3 = 17 cm.
The perimeter of the new square would be
4 17   68cm.
Twice the length of a side of the original
square would be 2 14   28 cm.
Since 40  28  68, the answer checks.
Motion Problems
Problem-Solving Hint
In a motion problem, the components
distance, rate, and time are denoted by the
letters d, r, and t, respectively. (The rate is
also called the speed or velocity. Here, rate is
understood to be constant.)
d d
d  rt and its related forms r  and t 
t r
Example 2: Solving a Motion
Problem (1 of 6)
Maria and Eduardo are traveling to a
business conference. The trip takes 2 hr for
Maria and 2.5 hr for Eduardo, since he lives
40 mi farther away. Eduardo travels 5 mph
faster than Maria. Find their average rates.
Problem (2 of 6)
Solution
Step 1 Read the
problem. We must
find Maria’s and
Eduardo’s average
rates.
Problem (3 of 6)
Step 2 Assign a variable. Since average
rates are to be found, we let the variables
represent one of these rates.
Let x = Maria’s rate. Then x + 5 = Eduardo’s
rate. Summarize the given information in a
table.
Problem (4 of 6)
Step 3 Write an equation. Eduardo’s
distance traveled exceeds Maria’s distance
by 40 mi. Translate this relationship into its
algebraic form.
Problem (5 of 6)
Step 4 Solve.
2.5 x  12.5  2 x  40 Distributive property
0.5 x  27.5 Subtract 2x and 12.5.
x  55 Divide by 0.5
Problem (6 of 6)
Step 5 State the answer. Maria’s rate of
travel is 55 mph, and Eduardo’s rate is
55 + 5 = 60 mph.
Step 6 Check. The diagram shows that the
conditions of the problem are satisfied.
Distance traveled by Maria:
2(55)  110 mi
Distance traveled by Eduardo:
2.5(60)  150 mi
Mixture Problems 1
In mixture problems involving solutions, the
rate (percent) of concentration is multiplied by
the quantity to get the amount of pure
substance present. The concentration of
the final mixture must be between the
concentrations of the two solutions
making up the mixture.
Example 3: Solving a Mixture Problem (1 of 6)
A chemist needs a 20% solution of alcohol.
She has a 15% solution on hand, as well as a
30% solution. How many liters of the 15%
solution should she add to 3L of the 30%
solution to obtain her 20% solution?
Solution
Step 1 Read the problem. We must find the
required number of liters of 15% alcohol
solution.
Let x = the number of liters of 15% solution to
be added.
Step 3 Write an equation. The number of
liters of pure alcohol in the 15% solution plus
the number of liters in the 30% solution must
equal the number of liters in the final 20%
solution.
Step 4 Solve.
0.15 x  0.30(3)  0.20( x  3)
0.15 x  0.90  0.20 x  0.60 Distributive property

0.30  0.05x Subtract 0.60 and 0.15 x.
6x Divide by 0.05.
Step 5 State the answer. Thus, 6 L of 15%
solution should be mixed with 3 L of 30%
solution, giving 6 + 3 = 9 L of 20% solution.
Step 6 Check. The answer checks since the
amount of alcohol in the two solutions is
equal to the amount of alcohol in the mixture.
0.15(6)  0.9  0.9  0.9  1.8 Solutions
0.20(6  3)  0.20(9)  1.8 Mixture
Mixture Problems 2
In mixed investment problems, multiply the
principal amount P by the interest rate r,
expressed as a decimal, and the time t, in
years to find the amount of interest earned I.
I = Prt Simple interest formula
Example 4: Solving an Investment Problem (1 of 7)
An artist has sold a painting for $410,000. He
invests a portion of the money for 6 months
at 2.65% and the rest for a year at 2.91%. His
broker tells him the two investments will earn
a total of $8761. How much should be
invested at each rate to obtain that amount of
interest?
Solution
Step 1 Read the
problem. We must
find the amount to
be invested at each
rate.
Let x = dollar amount invested for 6 months at 2.65%.
410,000 − x = dollar amount invested for 1 y r at ea
2.91%.
Step 3 Write an equation. The sum of the
two interest amounts must equal the total
interest earned.
Step 4 Solve.
0.5 x(0.0265)  0.0291(410,000  x)  8761
0.01325 x  11,931  0.0291x  8761
11,931  0.01585 x  8761
0.01585 x  3170
x  200,000
Step 5 State the answer. The artist should
invest $200,000 at 2.65% for 6 months and
$410,000 − $200,000 = $210,000 at 2.91% for
1 yr to earn $8761 in interest.
Step 6 Check. The 6-month investment earns
$200,000(0.0265)(0.5)  $2650,
while the 1-yr investment earns
$210,000(0.0291)  $6111.
The total amount of interest earned is
$2650  $6111  $8761, as required.
Modeling with Linear Equations
A mathematical model is an equation (or
inequality) that describes the relationship
between two quantities.
A linear model is a linear equation.
Example 5: Modeling the Prevention of Indoor
Pollutants (1 of 2)
If a vented range hood removes contaminants such as
carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide from the air at a
rate of F liters of air per second, then the percent P of
contaminants that are also removed from the
surrounding air can be modeled by the linear equation
P  1.06 F  7.18, where 10  F  75.
What flow F must a range hood have to remove 50% of
the contaminants from the air?
(Source: Proceedings of the Third International
Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate.)
Example 5: Modeling the Prevention of Indoor
Pollutants (2 of 2)
Solution Replace P with 50 in the linear
model, and solve for F.
P  1.06 F  7.18 Given model
50  1.06 F  7.18 Let P = 50.
42.82  1.06F Subtract 7.18.
F  40.40 Divide by 1.06.
Therefore, to remove 50% of the contaminants,
the flow rate must be approximately 40.40 L of
air per second.
Example 6: Modeling Health Care Costs (1 of 3)
The projected per capita health care expenditures in
the United States, where y is in dollars, and x is
years after 2000, are given by the linear equation.
y  416 x  8042 Linear model
(Source: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.)
(a) What were the per capita health care
expenditures in the year 2018?
(b) If this model continues to describe health care
expenditures, when will the per capita expenditures
reach $13,000?
In part (a) we are given information to determine a value
for x and asked to find the corresponding value of y,
whereas in part (b) we are given a value for y and asked
to find the corresponding value of x.
(a) The year 2018 is 8 y r after the year 2010. Let x = 8
ea
and find the value of y.

y  416 x  8042 Given model
y  416(8)  8042 Let x = 10.
y  11,370 Multiply and then add.
In 2018, the estimated per capita health care
expenditures were $11,370.
(b) Let y = 13,000 in the given model, and find the
value of x.
13,000  416 x  8042 Let y = 13,000.
4958  416x Subtract 8042.
x  11.9 Divide by 416.
The x-value of 11.9 indicates that per capita health

care expenditures are projected to reach $13,000
during the 11th year after 2010—that is, 2021.

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College Algebra

If the length of each side of a square is

Step 2 Assign a variable. Since

Step 2 Assign a variable.

4( x  3)  the perimeter of the new square

Step 3 Write an equation. Translate the

Step 4 Solve the equation.

2 x  28 Subtract 2x and 12.

Step 5 State the answer. Each side of the

Step 6 Check. Go back to the words of the

0.15 x  0.90  0.20 x  0.60 Distributive property

I = Prt Simple interest formula

and find the value of y.

The x-value of 11.9 indicates that per capita health

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