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An Introduction To FRP-Strengthening of Concrete Structures: ISIS Educational Module 4
An Introduction To FRP-Strengthening of Concrete Structures: ISIS Educational Module 4
An Introduction to FRP-Strengthening of
Concrete Structures
Produced by ISIS Canada
Repair with
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Overview
reinforcement
Advanced Evaluation of
Applications Existing Structures
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Introduction
reinforcement Section: 1
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Introduction
reinforcement Section: 1
Concrete
Reinforcing
Steel
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Introduction
reinforcement Section: 1
FRP Materials
Corrosion resistant Highly versatile
Durable structures Suit any project
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
reinforcement Section: 1
FRP-Strengthening Applications
Type Application Fibre Dir. Schematic
Perpendicular
Shear Side face of
to long. axis
beam (u-wrap)
of beam Section
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
reinforcement Section: 2
General
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
reinforcement Section: 2
General
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
reinforcement Section: 2
Constituents
• What is FRP?
Fibres Matrix
Provide strength Protects and transfers load
and stiffness between fibres
Carbon, glass, aramid Epoxy, polyester, vinyl ester
1800-4900 Fibres
Stress [MPa]
FRP
Matrix
34-130
0.4-4.8 >10
Strain [%]
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
reinforcement Section: 2
Installation Techniques
Wet lay-up
Used with flexible sheets
Saturate sheets with epoxy adhesive
Place on concrete surface
Epoxy
Roller
Resin acts as adhesive
AND matrix
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
reinforcement Section: 2
Installation Techniques
Pre-cured
Used with rigid, pre-cured strips
Apply adhesive to strip backing
Place on concrete surface
Not as flexible for variable
structural shapes
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
reinforcement Section: 2
Properties
• FRP properties
(versus steel): 2500
2000
• Linear elastic behaviour CFRP
Stress [MPa]
1500
to failure 1000
GFRP
• No yielding 500
Steel
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
reinforcement Section: 2
Properties
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
reinforcement Section: 2
Pro/Con
FRP advantages
Will not corrode
High strength-to-weight ratio
Electromagnetically inert
FRP disadvantages
High initial material cost
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Evaluation of Existing Structures
reinforcement Section: 3
Deficiencies
• Deficiencies due to:
Chloride Ingress
Wet-Dry Freeze-Thaw
Environmental Effects
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Evaluation of Existing Structures
reinforcement Section: 3
Deficiencies
• Deficiencies due to:
Then Now
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Evaluation of Existing Structures
reinforcement Section: 3
Deficiencies
• Deficiencies due to:
Then Now
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Evaluation of Existing Structures
reinforcement Section: 3
Evaluation
• Evaluation is important to:
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Evaluation of Existing Structures
reinforcement Section: 3
Evaluation
• Evaluation should include:
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Evaluation of Existing Structures
reinforcement Section: 3
Concrete Surface
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Flexural Strengthening
FRP rupture Assumptions
Failure caused by:
Concrete crushing
Plane sections remain plane
Perfect bond between steel/concrete, FRP/concrete
Adequate anchorage & development length provided for FRPs
FRPs are linear elastic to failure
Concrete compressive stress-strain curve is parabolic, no
strength in tension
Initial strains in FRPs can be ignored
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Resistance Factors
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Failure Modes
• Four potential failure modes:
Concrete crushing before steel yields
Steel yielding followed by concrete crushing
Steel yielding followed by FRP rupture
Debonding of FRP reinforcement
b c 1Φcf’c
c a =1c
d Cc
h
As
s
fs Ts
frp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Cross Section Strain Distribution Stress Distribution Distribution
• Force equilibrium in section:
Ts + Tfrp = Cc Eq. 4-1
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
General Design
b c 1Φcf’c
c a =1c
d Cc
h
As
s
fs Ts
frp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Cross Section Strain Distribution Stress Distribution Distribution
• Apply strain compatibility and use these equations to solve for neutral
axis depth, c
• Section capacity:
Mr = Ts d a + Tfrp h a Eq. 4-5
2 2
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Analysis Procedure
b cu
c
d
h
As
s
frp
bfrp
Cross Section Strain Distribution
Step1: Assume failure mode
Assume that section fails by concrete crushing after steel yields
c = cu = 0.0035
Thus: frp = cu (h-c)/c Eq. 4-6
s = cu (d-c)/c Eq. 4-7
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Analysis Procedure
b cu 1Φcf’c
c a =1c
d Cc
h
As
s
fs Ts
frp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Cross Section Strain Distribution Stress Distribution Distribution
Step 2: Determine compressive stress block factors
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Analysis Procedure
b cu 1Φcf’c
c a =1c
d Cc
h
As
s
fs Ts
frp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Cross Section Strain Distribution Stress Distribution Distribution
Step 3: Determine neutral axis depth, c
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Analysis Procedure
b cu 1Φcf’c
c a =1c
d Cc
h
As
s
fs Ts
frp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Cross Section Strain Distribution Stress Distribution Distribution
Step 4: Check if assumed failure mode is correct
frp = cu (h-c)/c frpu
?
Eq. 4-11
b cu 1Φcf’c
c a =1c
d Cc
h
As
s
fs Ts
frp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Cross Section Strain Distribution Stress Distribution Distribution
Step 5: Calculate factored moment resistance
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Analysis Procedure
b cu 1Φcf’c
c a =1c
d Cc
h
As
s
fs Ts
frp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Cross Section Strain Distribution Stress Distribution Distribution
Step 5: Calculate factored moment resistance
Check if internal steel yields to ensure adequate deformability
If yes, OK
s = cu (d-c)/c >
? εy If no, reduce FRP
amount & recalculate
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Analysis Procedure
b c 1Φcf’c
c a =1c
d Cc
h
As
s
fs Ts
frpu ffrpu Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Cross Section Strain Distribution Stress Distribution Distribution
Step 6: Assume different failure mode
Assume failure occurs by tensile failure of FRP
frp = frpu
Thus:
c < cu
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Analysis Procedure
b c 1Φcf’c
c a =1c
d Cc
h
As
s
fs Ts
frpu ffrpu Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Cross Section Strain Distribution Stress Distribution Distribution
Step 7: Determine depth of neutral axis
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Analysis Procedure
b c 1Φcf’c
c a =1c
d Cc
h
As
s
fs Ts
frpu ffrpu Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Cross Section Strain Distribution Stress Distribution Distribution
Step 8: Check if assumed failure mode is correct
c < cu
frpu c / (h-c) < cu
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Analysis Procedure
b c 1Φcf’c
c a =1c
d Cc
h
As
s
fs Ts
frpu ffrpu Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Cross Section Strain Distribution Stress Distribution Distribution
Step 9: Calculate factored moment resistance
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
With Compression Steel
b cu 1Φcf’c
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Tee Beams
bf
hf c
h
= +
Afrp
bfrp Mr Mrf Mrw
• Similar analysis procedure
Neutral axis in flange: treat as rectangular section
Neutral axis in web: treat as tee section
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Flexural Example
Problem statement
Calculate the moment resistance (Mr) for an FRP-
strengthened rectangular concrete section
Section information
d = 325 mm
Afrp = 60 mm2
h = 350 mm
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Flexural Example
Solution
Step 1: Assumed failure mode
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Flexural Example
Solution
Step 2: Calculate concrete stress block factors
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Flexural Example
Solution
Step 3: Find depth of neutral axis, c
Use Equation 4-10:
c1f’c1bc = sAsfs + frpAfrpEfrpfrp
Solution
Step 4: Check failure mode
350 - 90.5
frp = 0.0035
90.5
frp = 0.01 < frpu = 0.0155
Solution
Step 4: Check failure mode
To promote ductility, check that steel has yielded:
d-c
s = cu
c
325 - 90.5
s = 0.0035 = 0.009 > 0.002 =y
90.5
If the steel had NOT yielded, the beam failure could be expected
to be less ductile, and we would need to carefully check the
deformability of the member
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Flexural Example
Solution
Step 5: Calculate moment resistance
Mr = sAsfy d a A E
+ frp frp frp frp h
a
Eq. 4-12
2 2
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Assumptions
• FRP sheets can be applied to provide shear resistance
• Many different possible configurations
May be aligned at
any angle to the
longitudinal axis
May be applied in
continuous sheets
or in finite widths
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Assumptions
• FRP sheets can be applied to provide shear resistance
• Many different possible configurations
ne = 2
May be applied
Section
on sides only or
as U-wraps
ne = 1
Section
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Assumptions
wfrp
To avoid stress
concentrations,
allow for a
minimum radius
of 15 mm
sfrp Section
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
Shear resistance of a beam:
s fy A v d Eq. 4-20
Vs =
s
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
Shear resistance of a beam:
frp Afrp Efrp frpe dfrp (sin + cos)
Vfrp = Eq. 4-21
sfrp
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
Effective strain in FRP, frpe:
2 tfrp wfrp
frp = Eq. 4-25
bw sfrp
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
Another limit on effective strain in FRP, frpe:
k1k2Le
frpe ≤ Eq. 4-26
9525
0.8
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
Effective anchorage length, L e:
25350
Le = 0.58
Eq. 4-29
tfrpEfrp
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
Limit on spacing of strips, sfrp:
d
sfrp ≤ wfrp + Eq. 4-30
4
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Example
Problem statement
Calculate the shear capacity (Vr) for an FRP-
strengthened concrete section
Section information
4.76 mm Ø
λ = 1.0 tfrp = 1.3 mm
d = 325 mm
h = 350 mm
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 2: Determine A frp, frp, Le for effective strain calculation
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 2: Determine A frp, frp, Le for effective strain calculation
25350 25350
Le: Le = 0.58
= 0.58
tfrpEfrp 1.3 x 22700
Le = 64.8 mm
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 3: Determine k1, k2 and effective strain, frpe [Limit 2]
2/3 2/3
f’c 45
k1: k1 = = = 1.38
27.65 27.65
Because of u-wrap
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 3: Determine k1, k2 and effective strain, frpe [Limit 2]
Note: This strain is one of three limits placed on the FRP
k1k2Le
frpe: frpe ≤ Eq. 4-26
9525
f’c2/3 2
R: R1
frp Efrp
45 2/3 0.47
R = 0.8 (1.23)
0.0124 (22700)
R = 0.229
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 4: Determine R and effective strain, frpe [Limit 1]
Note: This strain is one of three limits placed on the FRP
frpe = 0.0046
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 5: Determine governing effective strain, frpe
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 6: Calculate contribution of FRP to shear capacity
frp Afrp Efrp frpe dfrp (sin + cos)
Vfrp: Vfrp = Eq. 4-21
sfrp
0.5 (260) (22700) (0.004) (325) (sin90 + cos90)
Vfrp =
200
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 7: Compute total shear resistance of beam
Vr = 64.4 kN
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 8: Check maximum shear strengthening limits
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 9: Check maximum band spacing
d
sfrp ≤ wfrp + Eq. 4-30
4
325
200 ≤ 100 +
4
200 ≤ 181
Not true, therefore use 180 mm
spacing
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 4
Add’l Considerations
Load
FRP
No FRP
Fatigue
Ductility Deflection
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Overview
• FRP sheets can be wrapped around
concrete columns to increase strength
• How it works:
Internal reinforcing steel
Concrete
FRP wrap
flfrp
Concrete
shortens…
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Overview
• The result:
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Overview
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Circular Columns
Slenderness Limits
• Strengthening equations only valid for non-
slender columns. Thus, from CSA A23.3:
lu 6.25
≤ Eq. 5-1
Dg Pf / f’cAg 0.5
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Circular Columns
Confinement
• ISIS design guidelines suggest a
modification to f’cc:
FRP type
f’c
pc = performance coefficient depending on:
(currently taken as 1.0) member size
2 flfrp
w = Eq. 5-5
cf’c
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Circular Columns
Confinement Limits
To ensure
Minimum Why? adequate Limit
confinement flfrp ≥ 4 MPa
ductility of
pressure column
Maximum To prevent
Why? excessive Limit f’c 1
confinement flfrp ≤ - c
deformations 2 pc ke
pressure of column
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Rectangular Columns
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Add’l Considerations
Shear
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Add’l Considerations
Strengthening Limits
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Example
Problem statement
Determine the FRP wrap details for an RC column as
described below
Information
RC column factored axial resistance lu = 3000 mm f’c = 30 MPa
(pre-strengthening) = 3110 kN Dg = 500 mm ffrpu = 1200 MPa
New axial live load requirement PL = 1550 kN Ag = 196350 mm2 tfrp = 0.3 mm
New axial dead load requirement PD = 1200 kN Ast = 2500 mm2 ffrp = 0.75
New factored axial load, Pf = 4200 kN fy = 400 MPa
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Example
Solution
Step 1: Check if column remains short after strengthening
lu 6.25
≤ Eq. 5-1
Dg Pf / f’cAg 0.5
3000 6.25
≤
500 4200000/(30 x 196350) 0.5
6 ≤ 7.4
OK
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Example
Solution
Step 2: Compute required confined concrete strength, f’cc
Take equation 5-9 and rearrange for f’cc:
Pf
s fy As
ke
f’cc =
1c (Ag-As)
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Example
Solution
Step 2: Compute required confined concrete strength, f’cc
4200000
0.85 (400) (2500)
0.85
f’cc: f’cc =
0.81 (0.6) (196350-2500)
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Example
Solution
Step 3: Compute volumetric strength ratio, w
Take equation 5-4 and rearrange for w:
f’cc 43.4
-1 -1
f’c 30
w: w = =
pc 1
w = 0.447
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Example
Solution
Step 4: Compute required confinement pressure, flfrp
Take equation 5-5 and rearrange for flfrp:
frpfrpffrpu 2 flfrp
w = = Eq. 5-5
cf’c cf’c
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Example
Solution
Step 4: Compute required confinement pressure, flfrp
Check flfrp again confinement limits:
Minimum: flfrp = 4.02 > 4.0
f’c 1
Maximum: flfrp = 4.02 < - c
2 pc ke
30 1
flfrp = 4.02 < - 0.6 = 8.65
2 (1) 0.85
OK, limits met
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Example
Solution
Step 5: Compute required number of FRP layers
Take Equation 5-2 and rearrange for Nb:
2 Nb frp ffrpu tfrp
flfrp = Eq. 5-2
Dg
Solution
Step 6: Compute factored axial strength of FRP-wrapped column
Use Equations 5-2, 5-5, 5-4 and 5-9:
2 Nb frp ffrpu tfrp
flfrp: flfrp = = 4.32 MPa
Dg
2 flfrp
w : w = = 0.48
cf’c
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
reinforcement Section: 5
Example
Solution
Step 6: Compute factored axial strength of FRP-wrapped column
Use Equations 5-2, 5-5, 5-4 and 5-9:
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Specifications & Quality Control
reinforcement Section: 6
Specifications
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Specifications & Quality Control
reinforcement Section: 6
Specifications
Approval of FRP materials
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Additional Applications
reinforcement Section: 7
Prestressed FRP Sheets
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Additional Applications
reinforcement Section: 7
NSM Techniques
Maryland Bridge
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Constructed in 1969
Twin five-span continuous
precast prestressed girders
CFRP sheets to upgrade
shear capacity
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Field Applications
reinforcement Section: 8
Prince George, BC
64 girder ends were shear
strengthened with CFRP
Increase in shear capacity of
15-20%
Upgrade completed in 6
weeks
Locations for FRP shear reinforcement
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Field Applications
reinforcement Section: 8
Calgary, AB
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Field Applications
reinforcement Section: 8
Sainte-Émélie-de-l'Énergie,
Quebec
Single-span, simply
supported tee-section bridge
Strengthened for flexure and
shear
Site preparation: 3 weeks,
FRP installation: 5 days
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Design Guidance
reinforcement Section: 9
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Additional Information
reinforcement Section: 9
ISIS EC Module 4