Introduction to

Bernoulli Equation
1st Topic- Final term
CE 325 Hydraulics
 Bernoulli’s Principle
It is also referred to as Bernoulli’s
Equation or Bernoulli Theorem.

Daniel Bernoulli It was first stated by Daniel Bernoulli

(1700-1782)
(1738) and then formulated in Bernoulli’s
Equation by Leonhard Euler in 1752.

Bernoulli’s principle states that “as the speed of

a moving fluid increases (liquid or gas), the
pressure within the fluid decreases.”

Leonhard Euler
(1707-1783)
 Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation

Can be derived by:

• Principle of Conservation of Energy https://youtu.be/uqyLOuAzbvo
• Isaac Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Assumptions:
 Flow is steady.
 Density is constant (incompressible)
 Friction losses are negligible
Bernoulli’s Equation

Dynamic
Hydrostatic
Static Pressure
Pressure
Pressure 2
𝜌𝑉
𝑃+ + 𝜌 𝑔h =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ( 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦 )
2

The equation states that the sum of these three terms remains constant along a
streamline.
Bernoulli’s equation is usually used to compare the flow at two different locations.

P2
V2
A2
P1
V1
A1 h2
h1

2 2
𝜌𝑉1 𝜌𝑉2
𝑃1+ + 𝜌 𝑔 h1 = 𝑃 2 + + 𝜌 𝑔 h2
2 2
Bernoulli Equation can be expressed in three ways:

PRESSURE

ENERGY

HEAD
Derivation of Bernoulli Equation in terms of Energy

Flow work Kinetic Potential

Energy Energy
Derivation of Bernoulli Equation in terms of Head
The Law of Conservation of Mass

The law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system
closed to all transfer of matter or energy, the mass of system must remain constant over time, as
the system’s mass cannot change so the quantity can neither be added nor be removed.

The law implies that mass can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may be rearrange in
space, or the entities associated with it may be changed in form.
Mass flow rate at state one, should be equal to state two.

2
V2
A2
1
V1
A1
h2
h1
 Example

Consider water flowing through a converging channel as

shown and discharging freely to the atmosphere at the
exit. What is the gage pressure at the inlet? Assume a flow
to be incompressible, neglect any frictional effects.

1 2
-------------------------------------------------
Answer
Example

A large tank open to the atmosphere is filled with water to a

height of 5m from the outlet tap. A tap near the bottom of the
tank is now opened, and water flows out from the smooth and
rounded outlet. Determine the maximum water velocity at the
outlet.

Answer
Torricelli Law

https://byjus.com/physics/torricellis-law/#:~:text=What%20is%20Torricelli's%20formula%3F,the%20fluid%20above%20the%20hole.
Seatwork

A 60-cm tall coffee urn is filled to the top. It dispenses coffee

through a 0.7-cm diameter nozzle that is 12 cm above the table
surface. How long does it take to pour a 200-mL cup of coffee?