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Class 6 - 27th August 20222
Class 6 - 27th August 20222
Class 6 - 27th August 20222
27/8/2022
ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
• An organic light-emitting diode (OLED ), also known as organic
electroluminescent (organic EL) diode
• is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer
is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric
current.
• This organic layer is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of
these electrodes is transparent.
• OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such
as television screens, computer monitors, and portable systems such
as smartphones and handheld game consoles.
• A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use
in solid-state lighting applications
What is an OLED Solid state device with layers of films of organic molecules that is 100 to 500 nm thick
• Features
• Flexibility
• Emissive technology
• Light weight and thin
• Low power consumption
• High contrast , brighter and perfect display from all angles
• Structure of OLED
• Substrate
• Anode
• Organic layer
• Conductive layer (Hole Transport Layer
• Made up of polyaniline or metal phthalocyanine
• Emissive layer ( Electron transport layer)
• Made up of polyflourene or metal chelates
• CATHIDE
Structure of OLED
OLED FABRICATION
• Substrate preparation
• Device deposition
• Deposit and pattern anode
• Pattern organic laye
• Vacuum deposit and pattern cathode
• Encapsulation
• Also involves making back plane
OLED Deposition
• Organic layers can be applied to the substrate using the following
methods
• Evaporation and shadow masking
• Inkjet printing
• Organic vapour deposition
Evaporation and shadow masking
Ink Jet Printing
Organic Vapor Phase deposition
Colour Generation
• Different approaches for fabricating red, green and blue pixels
General layer structure of an organic light 2-unit/2-colour tunable OLED stack Emission spectra of the 2-unit/2-colour tunable
emitting diode OLED module at different dimming stages of each
color unit realizing emission colours between blue
and yellow
• The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is
emitted.
• PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of
OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry.
• PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small
screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell
phones, PDAs and MP3 players.
• Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery
power than the LCDs that currently power these devices
Active matrix OLED
• White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more
energy efficient than that emitted by fluorescent lights.
• White OLEDs also have the true-color qualities of incandescent
lighting.
• Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they can replace
fluorescent lights that are currently used in homes and buildings.
Their use could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting.
OLED Advantages
• Thinner, lighter and more flexible
• Do not require backlighting like LCD
• Can be made to larger sizes
• Large fields ofview , about 170 deg
• Faster response time
• Brighter
• High resolution<5micrometer pixel size
OLED Advantages and Disadvantages
The LCD is currently the display of choice in small devices and is also popular in large-screen TVs. Regular LEDs often form
the digits on digital clocks and other electronic devices. OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and LEDs:
• The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.
• Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED
substrates can be plastic rather than the glass used for LEDs and LCDs.
• OLEDs are brighter than LEDs.
• Because the organic layers of an OLED are much thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and emissive layers of
an OLED can be multi-layered.
• Also, LEDs and LCDs require glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.
• OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are essentially plastics, they can be made into
large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.
• OLEDs have large fields of view, about 170 degrees. Because LCDs work by blocking light, they have an inherent viewing
obstacle from certain angles. OLEDs produce their own light, so they have a much wider viewing range.
Problems with OLED
• OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it
also has some problems:
• Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to
230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around
14,000 hours.
• Manufacturing - Manufacturing processes are expensive right now.
• Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.
LED Disadvantages
• Expensive
• Lifespan
• Water damage
• Colour balance issues
OLED Vs LCD
OLED • LCD
Greater view angle • Limited view angle
High contrast • Low contrast
Faster response time • Slow response time
Do not require backlighting • Require backlighting
Temperature (~50deg -80deg) • Temperature )`0 deg to 100 deg
Applications
• Major applications to OLED technology are
• OLED TV
• Mobile phones with OLED screens
• Rolltop Laptop
OLED device deisign
MECHANISM- Electrochromic window
Substrate
TCO
Electrochromic Layer
Electrolyte +
Ion storage Layer V
TCO
Substrate
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Fabrication of OLEDs
Schematic illustration of drive device (a) and AgNWs metal complexes based OLED
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Green OLED fabricated in our lab
Intensity (a.u)
(b)
425
Fluorescence lifetime decay curves for (a) C-1 (b) C-2 and (c) C-3. The
excitation wavelength was 406 nm for C-1 and C-2; and 468 nm for C-3
35
Raja Lakshmanan et.al, J. Lumin, 2015, 168:145-150
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8quZrUcRFlw