Hardware

By Shamant
 Sensors
A sensor is a device that detects and
measures physical properties or changes
in the environment, converting this
information into signals or data for
interpretation and use.

Types Of Sensors
Temperature Sensor, Pressure Sensor,
Proximity Sensor, Light Sensor, Motion
Sensor, Accelerometer, Humidity Sensor.

Uses Of Sensors
Sensors are used in automotive systems
(e.g., ABS), consumer electronics
(touchscreens), industrial automation
(process monitoring), healthcare (vital
signs), environmental monitoring, home
automation, and robotics for tasks like
navigation and obstacle detection.
 Data Storage
Data storage involves preserving and organizing digital
information for later use. It encompasses various types
of storage solutions to meet different needs.

Primary Memory
Primary memory, including Random Access Memory
(RAM) and cache memory, is volatile and used for
temporary storage during a computer's operation. It
provides quick access to actively used data .

Secondary Storage
Secondary storage, such as hard disk drives (HDDs),
solid-state drives (SSDs), and external storage
devices, is non-volatile and used for long-term data
storage. It retains data even when the power is turned
off.

Offline Storage
Offline storage refers to external devices like USB
drives or external hard drives that can be disconnected
from the computer. It provides a portable and secure
way to store data.
Magnetic Storage:
Magnetic storage, like hard disk drives (HDDs), uses
magnetized particles to store data. It offers high
capacity and cost-effectiveness for long-term storage.

Optical Storage:
Optical storage, including CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray
discs, uses lasers to read and write data. It provides a
durable and portable medium for storing data.

Solid-State Storage:
Solid-state storage, like solid-state drives (SSDs), uses
flash memory to store data. It offers faster access
times, durability, and energy efficiency compared to
traditional mechanical drives.

Virtual Memory:
Virtual memory is a memory management technique
that uses a combination of the computer's RAM and
secondary storage to simulate additional memory. It
helps manage larger applications and multitasking.

Cloud Storage:
Cloud storage involves storing data on remote servers
accessed over the internet. It provides scalability,
accessibility from various devices, and the ability to
share and collaborate on data.
 Network Hardware
A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a
hardware component enabling a computer to
connect to a network. It serves as the
physical interface for sending and receiving
data.
MAC ADDRESS
A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a
unique identifier assigned to a NIC for
network communication. It's a hexadecimal
number hardcoded into the NIC during
manufacturing.

IP(Internet Protocol) ADDRESS

An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a
numerical label for device identification on a
network. There are two types: IPv4 (e.g.,
192.168.1.1) and IPv6 (e.g., 2001:db8::1).
 Static IP
A static IP address is manually assigned to a device
and remains constant. It provides a fixed location on
the network, beneficial for servers and network
equipment.

Dynamic IP
A dynamic IP address is automatically assigned by a
DHCP server. It can change each time a device
connects, suitable for most devices in a network.

Routers
Routers connect different networks and manage data
flow between them. They use IP addresses to direct
data packets across the network. Routers often include
features like firewall protection and wireless
connectivity for local devices.
Thanks
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