UNIT-2

SYLLABUS (EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AS DRIVERS OF GLOBAL BUSINESS)

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE- MACHINE LEARNING, DEEP LEARNING
SINGULARITY – TIME LINES AND IMPLICATION. AUGMENTED REALITY,
VIRTUAL REALITY, AND MIXED REALITY AND APPLICATIONS.
BLOCKCHAIN – CONCEPTS AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS,
CHALLENGES IN ADOPTING BLOCK CHAIN. ADDITIVE
MANUFACTURING: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES, NEW
APPLICATIONS OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, THE IMPACT OF
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT, MASS
CUSTOMIZATION, AND THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE. INTRODUCTION OF
NEUROSCIENCE IN BUSINESS. INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT).
 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AS DRIVERS OF GLOBAL BUSINESS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

artificial intelligence (AI) refers to developing computer systems that can perform tasks normally requiring

human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation.

AI technologies are transforming many industries and are used to create new products and services,

automate processes, and improve efficiency and accuracy.

here are some of the key applications of AI:

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• MACHINE LEARNING:

machine learning is a subset of ai that uses algorithms to learn from data and improve performance over time.
machine learning is being used in a wide range of applications, including image and speech recognition, natural
language processing, and predictive analytics.

• ROBOTICS: :

robotics is the development of intelligent machines that can perform tasks autonomously or with minimal
human intervention. robotics is being used in manufacturing, healthcare, and other industries to automate
processes, improve safety, and increase efficiency.
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• CHATBOTS AND VIRTUAL ASSISTANTS:
chatbots and virtual assistants are AI-powered tools that can interact with customers and provide support and
assistance. they are being used in customer service, e-commerce, and other industries to improve customer
engagement and streamline operations.

• PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS:
predictive analytics uses AI to analyse data and make predictions about future events or behaviour.
predictive analytics is being used in healthcare, finance, and other industries to improve decision-
making and identify trends and opportunities.
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING:

natural language processing (NLP) is the ability of computers to understand and interpret human language. NLP is
used in virtual assistants, chatbots, and other applications to enable more natural and intuitive interactions between
humans and machines.
AI is transforming many industries and is expected to have a major impact on the global economy in the coming
years. by leveraging AI technologies, businesses can create new products and services, automate processes, and
improve efficiency and accuracy, increasing competitiveness and growth.
examples: speech recognition, decision-making, visual perception
 MACHINE LEARNING
• machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that involves the use of algorithms and
statistical models to enable computer systems to improve performance on a specific task
through experience. machine learning is based on the idea that machines can learn from data,
identify patterns and make decisions without explicit programming. it is a powerful tool for data
analysis and has many applications in various industries.
• THERE ARE THREE MAIN TYPES OF MACHINE LEARNING:

SUPERVISED LEARNING UNSUPERVISED LEARNING REINFORCEMENT LEARNING

 MACHINE LEARNING
• SUPERVISED LEARNING: this type of machine learning involves training a model using labelled
data, where the input and output are known. the goal is to enable the model to learn how to predict
outputs from new inputs.

• UNSUPERVISED LEARNING: in unsupervised learning, the model is trained on unlabelled data,

where the input and output are not known. the goal is to enable the model to identify patterns and
relationships in the data

• REINFORCEMENT LEARNING: reinforcement learning involves training a model to make

decisions based on feedback from the environment. The model learns from trial and error and aims
to maximize a reward signal
 DEEP LEARNING

• deep learning is a subset of machine learning that involves the use of artificial neural networks to
enable computers to learn from and make decisions on large datasets. deep learning is based on the
idea of creating artificial neural networks that are composed of multiple layers of interconnected nodes
that can process and analyze data in a way that is similar to the human brain.
• deep learning is a powerful tool for analyzing complex data and has many applications in various
industries. some of the key applications of deep learning include:
• image and speech recognition: deep learning is being used to develop image and speech recognition
systems that can identify and classify objects, faces, and speech with greater accuracy.
 DEEP LEARNING
• NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING: deep learning is being used to enable computers to
understand and interpret human language. natural language processing is being used in virtual
assistants, chatbots, and other applications to enable more natural and intuitive interactions
between humans and machines.

• AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES: deep learning is being used to develop self-driving cars that can
navigate and make decisions based on real-time data from sensors and cameras.

• HEALTHCARE: deep learning is being used to analyze medical data and improve the accuracy
of diagnosis and treatment recommendations.
• deep learning is transforming many industries and has the potential to create new products and
services, automate processes, and improve efficiency and accuracy. however, it requires large
amounts of data and computational power to train and deploy neural networks, which can be a
challenge for some businesses.
 SINGULARITY: TIME LINES AND IMPLICATION

• the concept of singularity is often associated with the idea that technology will advance to a point where
artificial intelligence surpasses human intelligence, leading to a fundamental transformation of human
society. there are different views on how and when this singularity will occur, and the implications of such a
development are far-reaching and uncertain.
• one popular view is that of the “technological singularity,” proposed by mathematician and computer
scientist vernor vinge in the 1990s. according to Vinge, the singularity will occur when machine intelligence
surpasses human intelligence, leading to an exponential increase in technological progress and a profound
transformation of human society. he suggested that this could happen as early as 2030, although some
experts believe that it is more likely to occur later in the century or even beyond.
 SINGULARITY: TIME LINES AND IMPLICATION

• another view is that of the “biological singularity,” which suggests that the singularity will occur
not through the development of artificial intelligence, but through advances in biotechnology
and genetic engineering. this could lead to the creation of new life forms or the enhancement of
existing ones, with profound implications for human evolution and society.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AI, MACHINE
LEARNING AND DEEP LEARNING
Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Deep Learning

Originated in 1950s Originated in 1960s Originated in 1970s

AI represents simulated intelligence in ML is the practice of getting machines DL is the process of using artificial
machine to make decisions without being neural networks to solve complex
programmed problems

AI is a subset of Data Science
Aims to build machines that are capable
of thinking like humans
ML is subset of AI & Data science
Aims to build machines learning
through data so that they can solve
problems
DL is a subset of ML, AI,& Data
Science
Aims to build neural networks that
automatically discover patterns for
feature detection
DL IS SUBSET OF ML & BOTH WERE THE SUBSET OF
AI
AI

ML

DL
 AUGMENTED REALITY & APPLICATION
• augmented reality (AR) is a technology that superimposes digital information, such as images, videos, or 3d models, onto
the real-world environment. AR applications are becoming increasingly popular and are being used in a variety of fields,
from entertainment and education to healthcare and manufacturing.
• here are some examples of how AR is being used in different applications:

• ENTERTAINMENT: AR is used to create interactive experiences in gaming, theme parks, and live events. for example,
Pokémon Go is an AR game that overlays virtual creatures in the real-world environment, allowing players to catch them
using their smartphones.

• EDUCATION: AR is being used to enhance the learning experience by providing interactive and immersive content.
for example, AR apps can provide 3d models of historical landmarks, allowing students to explore them in detail and learn
about their history.

• HEALTHCARE: AR is being used in medical training and surgery to provide real-time information and guidance. for
example, AR headsets can overlay patient information and medical data onto a surgeon’s field of view, allowing them to
perform procedures with greater accuracy and precision.
 APPLICATION……
• RETAIL: AR is being used to provide customers with a more immersive shopping experience. for example, ar
apps can allow customers to try on virtual clothing or see how furniture would look in their homes before
making a purchase.

• MANUFACTURING: AR is used in industrial settings to provide workers with real-time information and
guidance. for example, AR headsets can provide workers with step-by-step instructions for assembly or repair
tasks, improving efficiency and reducing errors.

• CLASS EDUCATION: while technology like tablets has become widespread in many schools and
classrooms, teachers and educators are ramping up students' learning experience with ar. aurasma app, for
example, is already being used in classrooms so that students can view their classes via a smartphone or tablet
for a more rich learning environment.

• PUBLIC SAFETY: in an emergency today, people will immediately reach for their smartphone to find out
what’s going on, where to go, and whether their loved ones are safe.
 VIRTUAL REALITY AND APPLICATIONS
• virtual reality (VR) is a technology that allows users to experience a computer-generated environment as if they are physically present in
that environment. VR has numerous applications, from entertainment and gaming to education, healthcare, and industrial training.
• HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF HOW VR IS BEING USED IN DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS:

• ENTERTAINMENT AND GAMING: VR is being used to create immersive and interactive gaming experiences. for example, VR headsets
can provide players with a 360-degree view of a virtual world, allowing them to interact with virtual objects and characters.

• EDUCATION: VR is being used to enhance the learning experience by providing immersive and engaging content. for example, VR
simulations can provide students with a virtual tour of historical sites, allowing them to explore them in detail and learn about their
history.

• HEALTHCARE: VR is being used in medical training and therapy to provide realistic simulations of medical procedures and
environments. for example, VR can be used to train medical professionals to perform complex surgeries or to provide patients with
immersive therapy for conditions such as anxiety or phobias.

• REAL ESTATE: VR is being used in real estate to provide clients with immersive virtual tours of properties. for example, VR headsets
can provide clients with a virtual tour of a property, allowing them to see every room and detail as if they were physically there.

• INDUSTRIAL TRAINING: VR is being used in industrial settings to provide workers with realistic simulations of dangerous or
complex work environments. for example, VR can be used to train workers to operate heavy machinery or to practice emergency response
 APPLICATIONS………
• MILITARY: the military in the UK and the US have both adopted the use of virtual reality in their training as
it allows them to undertake a huge range of simulations. The military uses it for flight simulations, battlefield
simulations, medic training, vehicle simulation, and virtual boot camp. VR is an immersive, visual, and sound -
based experience that can safely replicate dangerous training purposes.

• Fashion: VR in fashion, virtual simulations of store environments can be extremely useful for retailers to
design their signage and product displays without fully committing to the build like you would in the real
world. Some popular brands that have already begun implementing VR in their business include TOMMY
HILFIGER,COACH , AND GAP
• overall, vr has a wide range of applications and is transforming the way we experience and interact with the
world around us. a s the technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see even more innovative uses of vr
in the future.
 MIXED REALITY AND APPLICATIONS

• mixed reality (MR) is a technology that combines elements of both virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) to create a
new type of immersive experience. in MR, virtual objects are placed into the real world and can interact with real objects in
real-time. MR has numerous applications, from gaming and entertainment to education, healthcare, and industrial design.
• here are some examples of how MR is being used in different applications:

• GAMING AND ENTERTAINMENT: MR is being used to create immersive gaming experiences that combine virtual and
real-world elements. for example, MR headsets can allow players to interact with virtual objects and characters while still
being able to see and interact with the real-world environment.

• EDUCATION: MR is being used to enhance the learning experience by providing interactive and immersive content. for
example, MR can be used to provide students with virtual models of complex structures, such as molecules or buildings,
allowing them to explore and manipulate them in real-time.

• HEALTHCARE: MR is being used in medical training and therapy to provide realistic simulations of medical procedures and
environments. for example, MR can be used to train medical professionals to perform complex surgeries or to provide
patients with immersive therapy for conditions such as anxiety or phobias.
 APPLICATIONS
• Industrial Design: MR is used in industrial design to create virtual prototypes of products and machines. for example, MR
can be used to visualize and test the design of a new car or airplane, allowing designers to identify and correct any issues
before building a physical prototype.

• Retail: MR is used to provide customers with an interactive and immersive shopping experience. for example, MR can be
used to create virtual dressing rooms or to allow customers to see how furniture or other products would look in their home
before making a purchase
• Fooling Taste buds: There is a new invention still in the prototype stage that is tricking human taste buds into perceiving
something as sweeter or saltier than it is The gadget is called the taste buddy.
 BLOCKCHAIN CONCEPT
• blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that allows secure and transparent transactions between parties
without a central authority or intermediary. it uses cryptography to secure transactions and maintain the
integrity of the data in the network. in a blockchain, transactions are recorded in blocks that are linked together
in chronological order to form a chain. each block contains a unique code called a hash that is generated
based on the contents of the block. this hash serves as a digital signature for the block and ensures its
authenticity and integrity.
• once a block is added to the blockchain, it cannot be altered or deleted, as any change to a block would affect
the hash of all subsequent blocks in the chain, making the tampering attempt obvious to the entire network.
this makes blockchain a secure and transparent way to store and transfer data.
• blockchain technology is often associated with cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin, but it has many other
applications beyond digital currencies. for example, it can be used to securely store and transfer other types of
data, such as digital identities, contracts, medical records, and supply chain information.
HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF HOW BLOCKCHAIN IS BEING USED IN
DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES:
• FINANCE: blockchain is being used in finance to improve transparency and security in transactions. for example,
blockchain can be used to create a digital record of financial transactions that is tamper-proof and can be accessed
by multiple parties in real time, reducing the need for intermediaries and increasing efficiency.
• SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: blockchain is being used in supply chain management to increase
transparency and traceability in the supply chain. for example, blockchain can be used to track the origin and
movement of goods from the manufacturer to the end-user, reducing the risk of counterfeiting and increasing
efficiency.
• HEALTHCARE: blockchain is being used in healthcare to improve the security and privacy of patient data. for
example, blockchain can be used to create a secure and tamper-proof record of patient data that can be accessed
by healthcare providers in real-time, improving the accuracy and speed of diagnosis and treatment.
 SOME EXAMPLES
• REAL ESTATE: blockchain is being used in real estate to improve the transparency and efficiency of property
transactions. for example, blockchain can be used to create a digital record of property ownership that is tamper-
proof and can be accessed by multiple parties in real time, reducing the need for intermediaries and increasing
efficiency.

• ENERGY: blockchain is being used in the energy industry to enable peer-to-peer energy trading and improve
the efficiency of energy transactions. for example, blockchain can be used to create a decentralized energy
market where consumers can buy and sell energy directly, reducing the need for intermediaries and increasing
efficiency.
 CHALLENGES IN ADOPTING BLOCKCHAIN
• SCALABILITY: the current blockchain technology needs to be more scalable to handle the large number of
transactions required for mass adoption. the limited throughput and speed of blockchain networks can cause
delays and high transaction fees, making it difficult for businesses to operate efficiently.

• INTEROPERABILITY: different blockchains are often incompatible with each other, creating silos of data
that cannot be easily shared or accessed. interoperability is crucial for creating a seamless and connected
blockchain ecosystem.

• SECURITY: while blockchain is considered to be a secure technology, it is not immune to attacks. hackers
have found ways to exploit vulnerabilities in blockchain systems and steal funds or manipulate data.
 CHALLENGES IN ADOPTING BLOCK CHAIN
• REGULATIONS: blockchain is a relatively new technology, and there are still no clear regulations governing
its use. uncertainty around regulations can make it difficult for businesses to adopt blockchain, as they may not
be sure of their legal obligations or risks.
• SCALABILITY: one of the significant challenges in adopting blockchain technology is scalability. As the
number of users and transactions on the network grows, the blockchain becomes slower and more
cumbersome, making it difficult to handle large volumes of data. several scaling solutions are being developed,
such as shading, sidechains, and off-chain transactions, to address this issue.
• INTEROPERABILITY: another challenge in blockchain adoption is interoperability. different blockchains
have their own protocols, standards, and consensus mechanisms, making it difficult for them to communicate
and work together seamlessly. efforts are being made to develop standards for interoperability, such as the
interledger protocol and cosmos.
 APPLICATIONS OF BLOCKCHAIN
TECHNOLOGY
• MONEY TRANSFERS: money transfers using blockchain can be less expensive and faster than existing
services. this is especially true of cross - border transfers.
• FINANCIAL EXCHANGES: Using blockchain for exchanges allows faster and less expensive
transactions. Blockchain-based exchanges primarily deal in cryptocurrency, the concept could be applied to
more traditional investment as well.
• LENDING: Lenders can use blockchain to execute collateralized loans through smart contracts. Smart
contracts built on the blockchain allow certain events to automatically trigger things like a service payment,
full payment of the loan, and release of collateral.
• VOTING: Using blockchain technology can make sure that nobody votes twice, only eligible voters can
votes and votes can not be tampered.
 APPLICATIONS OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY
• ARTIST ROYALTIES: using blockchain to track music and film file distribution over the internet can make
sure that artists are paid for their work. Apart from this blockchain to track playbacks on streaming services and
a smart contract to distribute payments can provide greater transparency.
• GAMBLING: The gambling industry can use blockchain to provide several benefits to players. Since every
transaction is recorded on the blockchain, bettors can see that the games are fair and the casino pays out.
• GOVERNMENT BENEFITS:
 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: ADVANTAGE AND
DISADVANTAGE

• additive manufacturing, also known as 3d printing, is a manufacturing process that builds three-
dimensional objects by adding layer upon layer of material. this technology offers several advantages and
disadvantages.
 ADVANTAGES OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING:

• DESIGN FLEXIBILITY: additive manufacturing enables designers to create complex geometries

that are impossible with traditional manufacturing methods. this provides greater design
flexibility and allows for the creation of customized, unique products.

• FASTER PRODUCTION: additive manufacturing can produce parts much faster than traditional
manufacturing methods. this is particularly useful for producing low-volume or specialized parts,
as it eliminates the need for tooling and reduces lead times.
 ADVANTAGES OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
• REDUCED WASTE: additive manufacturing produces less waste than traditional manufacturing
methods because it only uses the exact amount of material needed to create the part. this
results in reduced material costs and less environmental impact.

• LOWER COSTS: additive manufacturing can reduce costs associated with tooling, setup, and
labour. this makes it an attractive option for producing low-volume or customized parts.

• ON-DEMAND MANUFACTURING: additive manufacturing enables on-demand production,

which means that parts can be produced as needed, rather than in large batches. this reduces
the need for inventory and storage space.
 DISADVANTAGES OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING:

• LIMITED MATERIALS: additive manufacturing is currently limited in the types of materials that can be
used. while there are many materials available, they may not have the same properties or strength as
those used in traditional manufacturing methods.

• LIMITED PART SIZE: the size of parts that can be produced using additive manufacturing is limited by
the size of the printer. this makes it difficult to produce large-scale parts.

• SURFACE FINISH: the surface finish of parts produced using additive manufacturing may not be as
smooth as those produced using traditional manufacturing methods. this can impact the aesthetic
appeal of the part and its performance.
 DISADVANTAGES OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING:

• POST-PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS: parts produced using additive manufacturing often require

post-processing, such as polishing, sanding, or painting, to achieve the desired surface finish or
performance. this adds time and cost to the manufacturing process.

• LIMITED PRODUCTION VOLUME: additive manufacturing is unsuitable for producing high-

volume parts due to the slower production speed and limited materials.
 NEW APPLICATION OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
• additive manufacturing, also known as 3d printing, is a rapidly evolving technology that is constantly finding
new applications in various industries. here are some of the latest applications of additive manufacturing:

• MEDICAL IMPLANTS: additive manufacturing is being used to produce customized medical implants, such
as hip and knee replacements, that fit the patient’s unique anatomy. this can improve the success rate of
the implant and reduce recovery time.

• AEROSPACE PARTS: additive manufacturing is being used to produce lightweight, complex aerospace parts,
such as turbine blades, that cannot be easily produced using traditional manufacturing methods. this can
improve fuel efficiency and reduce costs.
 NEW APPLICATION OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
• CONSTRUCTION: additive manufacturing is being used to produce large-scale building components, such as
walls, floors, and roofs, using 3d printing robots. this can reduce construction time and costs while improving
the accuracy and quality of the final product.

• FOOD: additive manufacturing is being used to produce 3d-printed food, such as chocolates, cakes, and pizzas,
that have unique shapes and designs. this can enhance the visual appeal of food and improve the dining
experience.

• FASHION: additive manufacturing is used to produce 3 D -printed clothing and accessories, such as shoes and
jewelry, that have unique shapes and designs. this can revolutionize the fashion industry and enable designers
to create customized, one-of-a-kind pieces.
 NEW APPLICATION OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

• ART AND SCULPTURE: additive manufacturing is being used to produce 3d-printed art and
sculpture that have complex shapes and designs. this can enable artists to create pieces that
were previously impossible to produce using traditional methods.
• AUTOMOTIVE PARTS: additive manufacturing is being used to produce lightweight, complex
automotive parts, such as engine components and body panels, that can improve fuel efficiency
and reduce costs.
• overall, additive manufacturing is a versatile technology that can be applied to many different
industries and applications. as the technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see even
more innovative applications in the future.