SEA-LEVEL

RISE
MADE BY : HADEEL KHALED
TO : D\ OMAR HAMDY
 SEA-LEVEL RISE
INTRODUCTION
Rising global temperatures are directly associated with rising sea levels.
Therefore, it is almost certain that sea level rise this century and beyond
will pose an increasing challenge to coastal communities, infrastructures,
and ecosystems due to increased (permanent) inundation, more frequent
and extreme coastal flooding, erosion of coastal landforms, and saltwater
intrusion within coastal rivers and aquifers. This is even though there is still
uncertainty about exactly how much sea level may rise this century. It is
necessary to take into account estimates, historical data, and physical
factors when assessing susceptibility to increasing sea levels. The necessity
to focus on how shifting sea levels affect the coastal zone and interact with
coastal flood risk at local scales is highlighted by a risk-based approach on
sea level rise.

05/25/2024 2
 SEA-LEVEL RISE
Factors causing changes in sea level
01 02 03 04

Factors related to Other factors

Factors related to
changes in causing
changes in the Human-Induced
volume of sea local/temporal
size and shape of Factors
water contained changes in sea
the ocean basins
in ocean basins level

Figure 1
05/25/2024 3
Sea level (blue, green: scale on the left) and Antarctic air temperature (orange, gray: scale on the right) over the last
550,000 years, from paleo-records (Left origin is the present-day).15) The green symbols are coral and speleothem-based
sea-level markers.
 SEA-LEVEL RISE
Types of sea-level rise
Criteria Eustatic Sea Level Rise Isostatic Sea Level Rise
Triggering Factors Major climatic change Vertical displacements of land
surface

Possible Influence Global warming Localized representation

Response to Factors Broad, widespread Localized, specific
Nature of Change Climate-induced Land surface displacement

05/25/2024 4
 SEA-LEVEL RISE
Impacts of sea-level rise

01 02 03 04 05
exacerbated effects on coastal salt water intrusion changes in
increased
inundation and ecosystems such as into estuaries and sediment
coastal erosion.
flooding of salt marsh, aquifers. deposition along
low-lying mangroves and river channels.
coastal areas. coral reefs.

05/25/2024 5
 SEA-LEVEL RISE
CASE 1
Maruyama and Mimura (2010) computed 1/100-year storm
surges along the world's coasts in addition to the sea-level
rise forecast to determine the worldwide risk of flooding.
Four IPCC SRES scenarios (A1B, A2, B1, and B2) were
used in this study to assume sea-level rise and population
change in each nation. Coastal protection scenarios were
also created to assess the impact of coastal protection
against storm surges and sea-level rise.
The study found that: geographically speaking, inundation Figure 4: Inundation areas in 2100 for SRES A1B scenario with coastal
zones grow as sea levels rise (Fig. 4). In the event of "No protection for 1/100 storm surges.41) The dark color indicates inundatio
Protection," the global flooding area is 1.32 million km; in areas.
the event of "Protection" (SRES A2 scenario), this will be
marginally decreased to 1.25 million km}. Protecting low-
density beaches and nations experiencing delayed
economic growth is the reason even the "Protection" case
does not demonstrate a significant decline.
05/25/2024 6
 SEA-LEVEL RISE
CASE 2
Research was made in Australian Research Centre for
Human Evolution studied the impact of sea level rise on
cultural and geographical changes in a vast habitable area
of north-western Australia explains that the rise in sea
levels led to significant cultural changes in the north-
western region of Australia. It describes how the lower sea
levels of the past exposed an extensive archipelago, which
later transformed into a fully exposed shelf containing an
inland sea adjacent to a large freshwater lake. This area was
encircled by deep gorges and escarpments, which likely
acted as important resource zones and refugia for human
populations at that time.

05/25/2024 7
 Volcano
DEFINITION
Numerous mountains arise due to the bending, faulting,
uplift, and erosion of the crust of the Earth. On the other
hand, the gradual buildup of erupted lava forms volcanic
topography. The vent may be seen at the top of a cone- or
shield-shaped mountain as a tiny dip in the shape of a
bowl. The vent links to one or more connected storage
places of partly or completely molten rock (magma)
through a network of fissures within and beneath the
volcano. The volcano may repeatedly erupt in the same
spot because of its relationship to newly formed magma. In
this manner, the volcano keeps expanding until it becomes
unstable.
 Volcano
Geological Processes Leading to Volcanic Activity
Magma, originating deep
After erupting from a volcano,
beneath the ground, is lighter
magma becomes lava, representing
than the solid rock
the molten rock exposed to the
surrounding it.
Earth's surface.
Transformation Buoyancy and
into Lava: Pressure:

Magma Formation: Cooling and

Molten rock beneath the Solidification:
Earth's surface, known as Liquid magma, upon
magma, contains crystals and cooling, may form crystals of
dissolved gases. various minerals, eventually
solidifying into igneous or
magmatic rock. 05/25/2024 9
 Volcano
Geological Processes Leading to Volcanic Activity
Larger fragments of erupted
material fall back around the vent,
Once magma successfully breaches while clouds of tephra may move
the Earth's crust, an eruption down the volcano's slope under
begins. gravity.
Fragmentation and
Eruption Initiation: Fallout:

Forcing Upward: Eruption Varieties:

Magma forces its way Magma can erupt in various
upward through cracks and ways, such as fluid lava
weak areas in the Earth's flows pouring from the vent.
crust.

05/25/2024 10
 Volcano
Types of volcanoes
Volcano Type Description Formation Height Geographical Occurrence

Cinder Cone Simplest type, made of Magma rises, powerful blast Up to a thousand feet above Thousands in western North
cinders (solid lava) erupted throws molten rocks, ash, surrounding ground. America and other volcanic
from a vent. and gas into the air, cinders areas globally.
cool and accumulate.
Composite Volcano Tall with steep even sides, Overlapping layers from Some over 8,000 feet; Found globally, including
(Stratovolcano) composed of repeating repeated eruptions. tallest, Ojos del Salado in Chile, Japan, Ecuador, and
layers of lava flows, Chile, 22,615 feet. the United States.
volcanic ash, cinders,
blocks, and volcanic bombs.

Shield Volcano Built almost entirely of fluid Lava pours from vents, Massive; some up to 3 to 4 Notable examples in Hawaii
lava flows, forming a broad, overlapping to construct a miles wide and 1,500 to (Mauna Loa, Kilauea),
gently sloping dome shape. wide, gradually sloping 2,000 feet tall. northern California, Oregon.
structure.
Lava Dome Accumulation of thick lava Lava squeezes out, Varies; examples like Often within craters or on
too viscous to flow away accumulates as a pile with Novarupta Dome in Alaska, flanks of composite
from the vent. various shapes. 800 feet across and 200 feet volcanoes.
high.

05/25/2024
05/25/2024 11
 Volcano
Impacts of Volcanic Activity

Gas Lava flows and Flood basalts

lava domes

Pyroclastic Fountain collapse Jökulhlaups

flows pyroclastic flows

05/25/2024 12
References
NASA-Led study reveals the causes of sea level rise since 1900. (2020, September 1). Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet.
https://climate.nasa.gov/news/3012/nasa-led-study-reveals-the-causes-of-sea-level-rise-since-1900/
Mimura, N. (2013). Sea-level rise caused by climate change and its implications for society. Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical
and Biological Sciences, 89(7), 281–301. https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.89.281
Global warming - Sea level rise. (n.d.).
https://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2010/finalwebsite/background/globalwarming/sealevelrise.html#:~:text=Lewis%20(2000)%2C%20there%20are,
with%20respect%20to%20sea%20level
.
About volcanoes | U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.). https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP/about-volcanoes
World Health Organization: WHO. (2019, November 26). Volcanic eruptions.
https://www.who.int/health-topics/volcanic-eruptions?gclid=CjwKCAiAnL-sBhBnEiwAJRGigkpzcmOhtdRULTQcfXtNnIbW79la6rbtA7CC4QhCfS
w3f2sTBIYTRRoC08AQAvD_BwE#tab=tab_2

British Geological Survey. (2021, June 24). Volcanic hazards - British Geological Survey.
https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/earth-hazards/volcanoes/volcanic-hazards/
Volcanic gases can be harmful to health, vegetation and infrastructure | U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.).
https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP/volcanic-gases-can-be-harmful-health-vegetation-and-infrastructure
Sweet, W., Horton, R., Kopp, R., & Romanou, A. (2017). Sea level rise. DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub/581/
Causes of sea level rise: what the science tells us. (2013, June 12). Preventionweb.net.
https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/causes-sea-level-rise-what-science-tells-us
Norman, K., Bradshaw, C. J., Saltré, F., Clarkson, C., Cohen, T. J., Hiscock, P., Jones, T., & Boesl, F. (2024, January). Sea level rise drowned a vast
habitable area of north-western Australia driving long-term cultural change. Quaternary Science Reviews, 324, 108418.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108418
Frederikse, T., Landerer, F., Caron, L., Adhikari, S., Parkes, D., Humphrey, V. W., Dangendorf, S., Hogarth, P., Zanna, L., Cheng, L., & Wu, Y. H.
(2020, August 19). The causes of sea-level rise since 1900. Nature, 584(7821), 393–397. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2591-3

05/25/2024 13
THANK YOU