CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF

VARIOUS PROGRAMS OF
TEACHER EDUCATION IN INDIA
 Objective
At the end of the session students will be able
learn about :
Introduction about Critical analysis of various
program of teacher education in India.
Definition of Teacher education in India.
Government of India Organization Bodies in
teacher education.
Function of Organization Bodies in teacher
education.
In Service teacher education Program.
 Objective
 Importance and objective higher education
program in nursing.
To discuss about challenges of education in India.
Suggestion and recommendations.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.
 Introduction
 OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY IS A PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY.
 RONALD FAIRBAIRN COINED THE TERM "OBJECT
RELATIONS AND MELANIE KLEIN IS MOST COMMONLY
IDENTIFIED WITH THE TERM "OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY“.
 IT DESCRIBES THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING A MIND AS
ONE GROWS IN RELATION TO OTHERS IN THE ENVIRONMENT.
 THE THEORY MAY BE DEFINED AS “A SYSTEM OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATION BASED ON THE PREMISE
THAT THE MIND COMPRISES ELEMENTS TAKEN IN FROM
OUTSIDE, PRIMARILY ASPECTS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF
OTHER PERSONS."
THE THEORY EMPHASIZES INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS,
 Biography of Melanie Klein
 She was born on March 30, 1882, in Vienna,
Austria.
 The youngest of four children born to Dr. Moriz
Reizes and his second wife, Libussa Deutsch Reizes.
 She believed that her birth was unplanned- a belief
that led to feelings of being rejected by her parents.
 She grew up in a family was neither pro-religious
nor antireligious.
 Despite her father’s meager income as a doctor,
Klein aspired to become a physician.
 Her early relationships were either unhealthy or
 Biography of Melanie Klein
 She had a special fondness for her older sister
Sidonie, who was 4 years older and who taught
Klein arithmetic and reading.
 In 1909, the Klein’s moved to Budapest where
Arthur had been transferred.
There, Klein met Sandor Ferenczi, a member of
Freud’s inner circle and the person who introduced
her into the world of psychoanalysis.
 Meaning of …..
OBJECTS : PEOPLE IN THE EXTERNAL WORLD WITH WHOM
AN INFANT ,CHILD AND ADULT INTERACT, OR PORTIONS
OF THEIR PERSONALITIES.
INTERNAL OBJECTS : REPRESENTATION OR MENTAL IMAGE
OF SOME ONE IN THE EXTERNAL WORLD.
EXTERNAL OBJECTS : AN EXISTING PERSON.
OBJECT RELATION: “OBJECT RELATIONS” REFERS TO
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS OR SPECIFIC INTRAPSYCHIC
STRUCTURES.
 Defination
 In object-relations theory, objects are usually
persons, parts of persons (such as the mother's
breast), or symbols of one of these. The primary
object is the mother. The child's relation to an object
(e.g. the mother's breast) servers as the prototype for
future interpersonal relationships.
 Object relations theory is all about understanding
how we internalize our early childhood attachments
and how those beliefs affect our later relationships.
While the term might make you think of an inanimate
object, in this case, it actually refers to the significant
people in your life.
 Aim
The aim of an object relations therapist is to help an
individual in therapy uncover early mental images that
may contribute to any present difficulties in one’s
relationships with others and adjust them in ways that
may improve interpersonal functioning.
 Aim
The term “object relations” refers to the dynamic
internalized relationships between the self and significant
others (objects). An object relation involves mental
representations of:
 The object as perceived by the self.
 The self in relation to the object.
 The relationship between self and object.
For example, an infant might think:
 My mother is good because she feeds me when I am
hungry" (representation of the object).
 "The fact that she takes care of me must mean that I am
good“(representation of the self in relation to the object).
 Meta Paradiagm of Theory
 Theory of Unconscious fantasy .
 Paranoid-Schizoid Position.
 Splitting.
 Depressive Position.
 Oedipus Complex.
 Introjection and Projection.
 Paranoid-Schizoid Position
IN HER/HIS VERY EARLY MONTHS ,THE INFANT
EXPERIENCES AND EXPRESSES OVERWHELMING AND
CONTRADICTORY FEELINGS OF LOVE AND HATE ,PLEASURE
AND DESTRUCTION ,THROUGH THE ACTIONS OF FEEDING
AND EVACUATING , “GOOD” EXPERIENCES ARE
INTERNALIZED THROUGH RECEIVING LOVE AND
NOURISHMENT FROM THE BREAST , “BAD” FEELINGS ARE
EVACUATED THROUGH URINE ,FAECES ,WIND, VOMIT . THE
INFANT IS ENGAGED IN A CONSTANT STRUGGLE TO
MANAGE HIS/HER FEELINGS .
 Theory of Unconscious fantasy
 She simply meant that they possess unconscious
images of “good” and “bad.” for example, a full stomach is
good, an empty one is bad. Thus, Klein would say that
infants who fall asleep while sucking on their fingers are
fantasizing about having their mother’s good breast inside
themselves.
 She also observed that when a child was given the
freedom to express his or her Fantasies, which were then
interpreted, their anxiety decreased.
 Depressive Position
 THIS IS BEGINNING OF SYMBOL FORMATION , SO THAT THE
INFANT CAN TOLERATE PERIODS OF SEPARATION AND
DELAYED GRATIFICATION IF S/HE HAS BEEN ABLE TO
INTERNALISE ENOUGH EXPERIENCE OF GOOD
MOTHER/BREAST, I.E IF THE GOOD INNER OBJECT IS
SUFFICIENTLY SECURE THE INFANT CAN TOLERATE ABSENCES
OF THE EXTERNAL OBJECTS .
 THESE STEPS TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED SELF AND OTHERS
RELATIONSHIP EVOKE IMMENSE GUILT IN THE INFANT AS S/HE
REALISES THAT THE MOTHER S/HE ATTTACKS AND HATES IS
THE SAME MOTHER S/HE LOVES AND NEEDS . KLEIN TERMS
THIS THE MOVEMENT FROM RELATING TO PART
 Splitting
 Central to object relations theory is the notion of
splitting, which can be described as the mental separation
of objects into "good" and "bad" parts and the
subsequent repression of the "bad," or anxiety-provoking,
aspects (Klein, 1932; 1935).
 Splitting occurs when a person (especially a child) can't
keep two contradictory thoughts or feelings in mind at the
same time, and therefore keeps the conflicting feelings
apart and focuses on just one of them.
 Splitting as a defense is a way of managing anxiety by
protecting the ego from negative emotions.
 Oedipus Complex
 At a conference in Salzberg in 1924, Klein dared to place
the Oedipus complex at around one to two years – a much
earlier stage than Freud’s six to seven years.
 Where Freud’s development of the superego was seen
as a good thing, Klein (1945) saw a hostile superego
developing at the oral stage. She also delineated between
the experiences of girls and boys and gave more power to
the mother.
 The Oedipal crisis will morph in the Depressive Position
into one of separation and loss.
 Introjection and Projection
 The baby internalizes or introjects the objects – literally
by swallowing the nourishing breast milk, symbol of life
and love, but also though experiencing hunger pains and
its own aggressive anger against the withholding Bad
Breast inside its body. These internalized introjects or
imagoes form the basis of the baby’s ego.
 The infant’s unconscious works to keep the Good Breast
(and all it symbolizes; love, the life instinct) safe from the
Bad Breast (feelings of hate and aggression, the death
instinct).
 Application of Theory
 Melanie Klein (1932) is one of the key figures in
psychoanalysis. Her unabashed disagreements with
Freudian theory and revolutionary way of thinking was
especially important in the development of child analysis.
 Her theories on the schizoid defenses of splitting and
projective identification remain influential in
psychoanalytical theory today.
 For Kleinians, the aim of psychoanalysis is to enable the
adult client to tolerate the Depressive Position more
securely, even though it is never fixed and we all topple
into paranoid fantasies and polarizing viewpoints. This
echoes Freud’s aim to help patients achieve a state of
‘ordinary unhappiness’.
 Application of Theory in Nursing Process
 Psychologists, psychotherapists, counselors, and social
workers may earn certification in object relations therapy from
one of several training institutions across the country.
 For example, the International Psychotherapy Institute (IPI),
formerly the International Institute of Object Relations Theory,
offers a two- year certificate program in Object Relations
Theory and Practice for professionals involved in the mental
health field.
 The Object Relations Institute for Psychotherapy and
Psychoanalysis offers a one-year introductory certificate
program in object relations theory and clinical technique, as
well as a more advanced two-year program.
 The Ottawa Institute for Object Relations Therapy also
certifies psychotherapists in Object Relations Therapy.
 Strength and Limitation of Theory
 Object Relations Theory can boost self-esteem and self-
confidence by helping individuals identify and challenge
negative self-images rooted in early relationships. It
fosters a greater sense of self-worth and self-acceptance.
 Limitations of Object Relations Therapy. Early object
relations therapists were criticized for underestimating the
biological basis of some conditions, such as autism,
learning difficulties, and some forms of psychosis. The
value of object relations therapy in treating such
conditions has been debated by many experts
Stages of Development in Mahler’s theory of Object
relations
 Rivew of Lecturar
 The relationship between literature and psychoanalysis:
reflections on object relations theory, researcher's
subjectivity, and transference in psychoanalytic literary
criticism.
Linda Sandbæk
Pages 27-37 | Received 29 Mar 2021, Accepted 25 Feb
2022, Published online: 06 Oct 2022
 A critical review of object relations theory
N G Hamilton 1 Affiliations expand PMID: 2686475
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.146.12.1552
Conclusion
 Conclusion
According to the object relations theory, the way mothers

and infants interact plays a crucial role in infant growth and

development. If care is adequate or "good enough," children

are able to develop their true selves, which is the part of the

baby that is creative and spontaneous.

Bibliography
 Bibiliography
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NO. 573-879.

K.P. NEERJA, "TEXT BOOK OF NURSING EDUCATION" JAYPEE BROTHERS, FIRST EDITION, 2003,

PAGE NO. 251-254

 ELSA SANATATOMBI DEVI, MANIPAL MANUAL OF NURSING EDUCATION, CBS PUBLISHERS &

DISTRIBUTORS. PVT. LTD. FIRST EDITION-2006 P.NO. 62, 66.

 BARBARA A. MOYER AND RUTHA. WITTMANN –PRICE JAYPEE, NURSING EDUCATION

FOUNDATION FOR PRACTICA EXCELLENCE, FIRST EDITION, 2008.

BY S.K. MANGAL, UMA MANGAL, ESSENTIAL OF ADUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY, PHR LEARNING

PRIVATE LIMITED.

https:://issuu.com