ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW

FANNO FLOW
Outline

1. Physical Phenomena of Fanno Flow

2. Application of Fanno Flow
3. Fanno curve
4. Governing equation for Fanno flow
5. Duct Flow with Friction and Adiabatic (Fanno
Flow)
6. Example Calculation of Fanno Flow

2
 Physical Phenomena of Flow in Pipe

Fully developed
laminar

Fully developed
turbulent
Physical Phenomena of Flow in Pipe

Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)

Shear stress on pipe surface

w  f  q
It varies with distance x along duct
FANNO FLOW
Application of Fanno Flow in Industry
How to control a condition of flow in long
pipe?
FANNO FLOW
Fanno Curve

Flow choked  Flow friction on wall surface

causes subsonic flow
through pipe to be
accelerated, but it will be
decelerated for supersonic
flow.
 The presence of viscous flow
on wall surface will reduce
the effective ocross section
area of the pipe.
 Can we traverse from
subsonic to supersonic
flow or vice versa?

dh T M

ds
2 (M 2
1)
One Dimensional Fanno flow

Assumptions:

 The flow is steady.

 The flow is adiabatic.
 There are no viscous effect on
the side of the control volume.
 There are no body forces.

• We represent the
viscous effect on the
side of the control
The problem is: Given the volume with the ‘
flow properties at (1), what tau’ term
are the flow properties at
(2)

7
One Dimensional Normal shockwave: continuity equation

Apply assumption (1) : Steady flow

Apply to our control volume

8
 One Dimensional Fanno flow

Apply assumptions
(1) : Steady flow
(2) : No body forces

Apply to our
control volume
9
One Dimensional Fanno flow

10
 One Dimensional Fanno flow
Apply assumptions
(1) : Steady flow, (2) Adiabatic
(3) No heat transfer due to the
viscous effect, (4) : No body forces

Although we have a viscous term, heat

due to the viscous term is neglected!

11
One Dimensional Fanno flow

12
Governing Equation for Fanno FLow

Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)

Combining continuity, momentum and energy equations

Continuity equation
m  V = constant d dV
0
A 
  V
Momentum
equation V 2 dV 2 V 2 4 fdx
4 dp  0
dp  VdV
 2 V2 2 D

energy equation Ideal gas
dp d
V p
RT 
h0  = const dh  Vd
h d p
Variables : ρ , V, p, T (unknown)
FANNO FLOW

Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)

Two additional equations

Mach number

M2 V2 dM 2 dV 2 dT
   T
RT M2 V2
Entropy
dT
ds  0 ds  c p
 Relation between friction
FANNO FLOW parameter and Mach number

4 fdx 2(1 M 2 )

1 M
M 2dM
(1 D 2 M 2 )

   
M 2

x
2
4 fdx  1 1  
x D   2  ln M2

1 M 2  1 1 M 2 
   M 1
2
L*
1 4 fdx L*

Integrate from 0 to L*
f 
L * 
0
D fL  
*
4

And M to M = 1
 Local friction coefficient f
depends on whether the flow is
laminar or turbulent (see Moody
diagram )
 It is function of Mach number,
Reynolds number and surface
roughness
FANNO FLOW
Moody Diagram

This plot
shows the
Darcy friction
factor

We also have
Fanning friction
factor, one-fourth
of the Darcy
 FANNO FLOW

Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)

Relation of Mach number with other static properties
density

dV d M2 4 fdx 1
V     2(1 M 
2
)

static pressure
𝑑𝑝 𝛾𝑀2 1 + 𝛾 − 1 𝑀2 4𝑓𝑑𝑥 1 + (𝛾 − 1)𝑀2 𝑑𝑀
=− = −
𝑝 2 1 − 𝑀2 𝐷
(1 + 𝛾 −2 1 𝑀2 ) 𝑀

static Temperature
𝑑𝑇 𝛾(𝛾 − 1)𝑀2 4𝑓𝑑𝑥 1 + (𝛾 − 1)
= −(𝛾 − 1) 𝑀𝑑𝑀
=− 𝛾−1 2
(1 +
𝑇 2(1 − 𝑀2 ) 𝐷 2 𝑀 )
 These values are tabulated
FANNO FLOW
Reference condition
FANNO FLOW

Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)

Properties at Mach number = 1 (reference properties)
velocity

2  (1)M 2
V 1 
M M 1
V* *
1

2  (1)M 2
static pressure

p 1 1
 M 2  (1)M 2
p*

static Temperature

T

1
T*
2  (1)M 2
FANNO FLOW

Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)

Properties at Mach number = 1 (reference properties)
Total pressure
  
M 2

4 fdx  1 1 
p
x2
(1) /(2*(1)) 
0

1  2  (1)M 2 
  x D   2  ln M2

M 2
p *0
M 1  1


 1 1 M 2 
 2  M 1
𝛾+1
4𝑓ሜ𝐿∗ 1 − 𝑀2 𝛾+1 2 𝑀2
L*
4 L*
1
𝐷 + ln f  L*  fdx 4
= 𝛾𝑀2 2𝛾 1+
𝛾−1
2 𝑀2 0
fL*  
D

entropy
s  s*  1 
(1) / 2

c p  ln M  M 2 (2  (1)M 2 ) 
2

 
FANNO FLOW
Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)
Relation of Mach number with total properties and entropy
Total pressure

dp 0   M 2 4 fdx (1 M

p0 2
)
2 D

entropy
dT dp RM 2 4 fdx
 R(1 M 2
ds  c p R  
T p 2

(1 M 2 ) dM
ds dp 
0

R   p0  1 M
M (1 2 M 2 )
FANNO FLOW
Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)
Effect Friction on the downstream flow
𝑑𝑇 𝛾(𝛾 − 1)𝑀2 4𝑓𝑑𝑥 1 + (𝛾 − 1)
Static Temperature = −(𝛾 − 1) 𝑀𝑑𝑀
=− 𝛾−1 2
(1 +
𝑇 2(1 − 𝑀2 ) 𝐷 2 𝑀 )

Ratio of static temperature

2 Supersonic inlet flow

- Static Temperature increases
Mach

Subsonic inlet flow

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
- Static Temperature decreases
T/T*
FANNO FLOW
Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)
Effect Friction on the downstream flow
Static Pressure
𝑑𝑝 𝛾𝑀2 1 + 𝛾 − 1 𝑀2 4𝑓𝑑𝑥 1 + (𝛾 − 1)𝑀2 𝑑𝑀
Ratio of static pressure 𝑝
=−
2 1 − 𝑀2 𝐷
= −
(1 + 𝛾 −2 1 𝑀2 ) 𝑀

2
Supersonic inlet flow
Mach

- Static Pressure increases

1

Subsonic inlet flow

0 - Static Pressure decreases
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

p/p*
FANNO FLOW
Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)
Effect Friction on the downstream flow
Density 1 dM
dV d  M 2 4 fdx
V     2(1 M 2 ) D  1
(1 2 M 2 ) M
Ratio of density

3
Supersonic inlet flow
- Static density increases
2

Subsonic inlet flow

Mach

1 - Static density decreases

0
0 1 2 3 4 5

 /
*
FANNO FLOW
Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)
Effect Friction on the downstream flow
Total Pressure dp 0   M 2 4 fdx (1 M 2 ) dM

p0 2 
Ratio of total pressure M 1
D 2 M 2) M
(1

2
Supersonic inlet flow
Mach

- Total pressure decreases

1

Subsonic inlet flow

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
- Total pressure decreases
p0/p0*
FANNO FLOW - SUMMARY
FANNO FLOW
Example 1
FANNO FLOW

0.611 atm
3.691
FANNO FLOW
Home work

1. Air flows adiabatically in a 5 cm on One dimensional circular duct.

The air decelerates from Mach 2.5 at section 1 to Mach 1.5 at section
2.What is the length of the duct between the two sections ?
What is the maximum length of duct if no shock occurs?
Assume the average friction factor is f  0.002

2. It is required to deliver 1000 m3/ min of air at 291 K and 150 kPa at
the exit of a constant-area duct. The inside diameter of the duct is
0.3 m and its length is 50 m. If the flow is adiabatic and the average
friction factor is f  0.005 , determines
(a) The Mach number at the exit of the duct
(b) The inlet pressure air
(c) The inlet temperature of the air
(d) total change of entropy
FANNO FLOW
Home work

3. Methane ( 𝛾 = 1.3, R=0.5184 kJ/Kg.K) flows adiabatically in 0.3 m

commercial steel pipe (roughness = 45 x 10-6 m). At the inlet pressure p1
= 0.8 Mpa, temperature T1 = 320 K (friction coefficient f=0.00333) and
the velocity V1 = 30m/s. Find:
(a) maximum possible length of the pipe
(b) The pressure and velocity of the exit of the pipe
FANNO FLOW
Home work

3. Methane ( 𝛾 = 1.3, R=0.5184 kJ/Kg.K) flows adiabatically in 0.3 m

commercial steel pipe (roughness = 45 x 10-6 m). At the inlet pressure p1
= 0.8 Mpa, temperature T1 = 320 K (friction coefficient f=0.00333) and
the velocity V1 = 30m/s. Find:
(a) maximum possible length of the pipe
(b) The pressure and velocity of the exit of the pipe