Topics covered

Topics

Ch. 5 Motion
Ch. 6 Force
Summary
• Distance: length of the path
• Displacement: change in position
• Speed: measure of how fast an object moves
• Velocity: measure of how fast it moves as well as the direction
• Acceleration: measure of how fast the velocity of an object changes
• Uniform Motion: an object moves at a constant velocity
• Uniformly Accelerated Motion: an object moving at a constant
acceleration
Summary
• Average speed = total distance travelled
total time taken

• Average velocity = total displacement

𝑣−𝑢
• Acceleration in uniformly acceleration motion 𝑎 = 𝑡
total time taken

𝑣 is final velocity
𝑢 is initial velocity
𝑡 is time taken
Summary
• Scalars are quantities fully described by magnitude alone.
• Vectors are quantities fully described by both magnitude and direction.
Scalar quantity Vector quantity
Distance Displacement
Speed Velocity
Time Acceleration
Force
Displacement
Displacement describes the change in position of object.
It concerns magnitude as well as direction.
• Magnitude: the length of the straight line joining the initial and final
positions.
• Direction: the direction from the initial to the final position.

Symbol: AB to represent displacement

A First letter is starting point !
Velocit
y
• Velocity is a quantity that specifies both speed and direction
• It tells us not only how fast it moves, but also in what direction it
moves
• Velocity is the displacement per unit time
• Like speed, velocity may refer to instantaneous velocity and
average velocity
 speeding up
Acceleration
• Acceleration measures how fast the
velocity of an object changes.
changing direction

• In Physics, the term ‘acceleration’ only

means a change in velocity.
• If there is acceleration in a motion, the
guy could be speeding up, slowing
slowing down
down, or changing direction.
Uniformly accelerated motion
An object moving at a constant acceleration is said to be
in
uniformly accelerated motion.
change in velocity 𝑣 − 𝑢
acceleration = 𝑎 = =
time taken 𝑡

𝑣 is final velocity
𝑢 is initial velocity
𝑡 is time taken
I 𝐟 𝒂 = −𝟏 𝐦/𝐬𝟐 , does it mean the object is
decelerating?
The negative sign only shows that the acceleration is opposite to
the positive direction.
Since it is not given whether the car travel towards the positive or
negative direction, i.e. 𝑣 is positive or negative
the car may be slowing down (if it travels towards positive
direction) or speeding up (if it travels towards negative direction).
Equations of uniformly accelerated motion

Remarks for the equations

• true only for constant a.

• 𝑠 = 12 𝑢
+𝑣 𝑡 • consistent positive direction
• 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
• consistent units
1 2
• 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 +
2
𝑎𝑡
• 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 = 2𝑎𝑠

These equations are called the equations of uniformly accelerated motion.

12
Steps in Solving Problems

Step 1: Define the positive direction.

Step 2: Identify the known quantities.

Step 3: Apply a suitable equation.

Step 4: Solve for the unknowns.

Acceleration due to gravity
• Our experiment seems to tell us that heavier objects fall faster under
gravity. In fact, this is so only because air resistance has greater
effect on a feather.
• If air resistance is negligible, all objects near the Earth’s surface will
fall with the same acceleration.
• This acceleration 𝑔 is called the acceleration due to gravity
• 𝑎 = 𝑔 ≈ 9.81 𝑚/𝑠2 (direction: downward / towards centre of the
Earth)
Free fall
• Free fall refers to the falling motion of an object under the
influence of gravity only (without air resistance)
• All objects falling freely near the Earth’s surface have the
same
acceleration of 𝑔 ≈ 9.81 𝑚/𝑠2
• Free fall motion is also a uniformly accelerated motion
Summary of Force
Force Force 𝑭 Common Force
causes an object SI unit is N
to move. Force is a vector quantity. • Weight (𝑾 = 𝒎𝒈)
It causes It contains magnitude
and direction. • Normal Force (𝑵)
acceleration of
an object. • Friction (𝒇)
• Tension (𝑻)
Net Force
If an object is balanced,
Free Body Diagram
net force acting on it = 0. Label these 4 common forces
• Horizontal net force = by drawing free body diagram.
0
• Vertical net force
 Newton’s first law of motion
if there is no net force acting on an
object, the objectwill remain at rest
or in uniform motion (velocity is
constant).
Newton’s first law of motion
靜者常靜
動者常動
An object tends to maintain its
state of motion
Inertia
• The tendency of an object to resist any change of its
state of motion is called inertia ( 慣性 )
• 物體保持原來狀態的特性，稱為慣性。
• 因為物體有慣性，所以不會突然停止或運動，而會
保持原來的狀態。
 Inerti
•aThe greater the mass of an object, the bigger the
inertia.
Newton’s second law of motion

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎