Part 1 The Origins of The Cold War 1945 1949 Workbook

AQA AS Level History – The Cold War 1945-1991
To The Brink of Nuclear War: International Relation’s

c1945-1963 Workbook
Section 1
The Origins of the Cold
War, c1945-1949
Name:
Chapter Topics RAG Page
Conflicting ideologies
1 Tensions at Yalta
US, British
and USSR Relations between Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill
relations in
1945 The Breakdown of the Grand Alliance at Potsdam
Relations between Truman, Stalin and Attlee
The Soviet Union and Eastern and Southern Europe, 1945-48
2 Kennan’s ‘Long Telegram’ and Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ speech.

Developing
tensions up The Greek Civil War and the Truman Doctrine on Containment, 12
to 1948. March 1947.
Cominform, September 1947
The USA’s policy towards Britain and Europe

3
The USA’s The launch of the Marshall Plan, June 1947
involvement
in Europe
US attitudes to Germany and Berlin
Developments in the zones
Bizonia and currency reform
4 The Berlin Blockade, June 1948 to May 1949

Conflict over
Germany,
1947-49 The Creation of East and West Germany
The formation of the North Atlantic Treaty

1
Organisation (NATO), April 1949
Keywords
Proxy war A War instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved
A collection of ideas about how society, economics and politics should be
Ideology organised; ideologies may have –long-term aims and may drive foreign policy
decisions, and are normally fixed and uncompromising to alternatives.
Area or region where one power, or a group of powers, has significant control over
Sphere of influence
apparently independent states
A term used to describe a group of states that generally have common military,
Bloc
economic or political interests.
Policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonisation, use of
Imperialism
military force, or other mean
Performed by one person or country involved in a situation, without the
Unilateral
agreement of another or the others.
A member of a small independent group taking part in irregular fighting, often in
Guerrilla
unplanned ways.
A military strategy in which at least one side tries to wear down the resolve of the
War of attrition other through battles in which the objective is not just to win, but to sap the
resources and inflict maximum damage.
Détente Easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries
The decision-making executive element of the United Nations Organisations; a
Security council small number of member states who are responsible for making decisions
concerning UN intervention into international disputes
Free market An economic system in which the prices of goods are set by the forces of supply
economy and demand, and competition is allowed through minimal interference by the state
The proletarian class were the workers, but they owned very little; they were the
Proletarian
exploited majority and were able to rise against their oppressors
Communists used this term to signify the class in society that controlled the means
Bourgeoisie of production and distribution; this gave them power to exploit the masses of
workers
The principle whereby states would cooperate with each other as a means of
Collective security
reducing insecurity and minimising the need for defensive alliances
An international organisation set up in 1945 with the primary aim of preserving
United Nations
world peace through the collective cooperation of its members
This generally means making amends for a wrong done by someone to another, in
Reparations the case of countries, reparations usually takes the form of financial payment or
other assistance to the wronged country
When Germany was divided into four zones of occupation those zones
Western zones administered by Britain, the USA and France were referred to as the Western
zones.
Those geographic areas that have some degree of strategic importance to a state;
Geostrategic the term usually relates to a location in terms of how an area impacts on the power
of states within a particular region.
Many Eastern European states had political parties that focused on representing
Pre-agrarian parties the interest of the farming communities; the redistribution of land was a political
priority for such parties.
2
Keywords
The idea that a state could use its economic power to ensure that an economically
Economic
weaker state becomes dependent upon it; this dependency would be used by the
imperialism
stronger state to exercise influence over the weaker on.
An approach to foreign policy favoured by the USA before its intervention in the
Second World War; it was based on minimal involvement in external affairs,
Isolationism
beyond those seen to relate to US interests in places geographically close to the
USA.
The recognition by the international community of a state’s independence and its
Sovereignty
right to govern itself without external interference.
The right to vote against something and that single vote is sufficient to bring the
Veto
whole plan to a stop.
Planning that is designed to establish some degree of military, political or
Strategic planning economic control by pursuing actions and policies which will result in one or more
of these outcomes.
A region or state that falls under the influence of another state, whose aim it is to
Protectorate
ensure the safety of the state or region.
A system of government based on having a central government that deals with
Federalism laws covering the whole country, while individual state governments make laws
specific to a state.
The rules defined by states, which define the rights of the people’ the constitution
Constitution also sets out the structure of government, the legislative system and the role of the
judiciary.
This is the opposite of isolationism; it defines a foreign policy based on having the
Globalism power to influence events on a global scale in order to enable states to function as
world powers.
3
Conflicting Ideologies
Chapter 1 US, British and USSR relations in 1945
TASK 1: Create a mind map of everything you can remember about the cold war from GCSE. Make sure you
make it neat and use capital letters.
HOT: Draw lines between each of your answers to show a link between them and explain the link neatly on
the line.
the
ur ing
nt d TRUMAN
es ide
s pr e
Wa ferenc
YALTA con
CONFERENCE
The Cold War
4
TASK 2: Look at the picture to the right. What’s going on?

Explain to me as if I’m five.
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TASK 3: Read pages 1-3 and answer the following questions.
1. What were the foundational

principles of the USA's version of
capitalism c.1945?
2. How did Vladimir Lenin build

upon the ideas of Karl Marx?
3. What were the key features and

objectives of Stalin's version of
communism?
4. What were the primary

political differences between the
United States and the Soviet
Union?
5. What were the primary

economic differences between
the Superpowers?
6. What were the most significant

perceived historical grievances
between the USSR and USA?
7. Why did communism and

capitalism view each other as a
threat?
5
TASK 4: Using the internet and the PowerPoint slides, complete the table showing the differences between
communism and capitalism.
Features of Capitalism Features of Communism
HOT: As you can see there are some extreme differences between the two ideologies. Does this mean that
there was always going to be a conflict?
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How did historical antagonism affect the Cold War
TASK 1 : Keyword match up.
The decision-making executive element of the United Nations

Free market economy Organisations; a small number of member states who are responsible for
making decisions concerning UN intervention into international disputes
A term used to describe a group of states that generally have common

Bourgeoisie military, economic or political interests.
A collection of ideas about how society, economics and politics should be

organised; ideologies may have –long-term aims and may drive foreign
Sphere of influence policy decisions, and are normally fixed and uncompromising to
alternatives.
An economic system in which the prices of goods are set by the forces of
Security council supply and demand, and competition is allowed through minimal
interference by the state
The proletarian class were the workers, but they owned very little; they
Bloc
were the exploited majority and were able to rise against their oppressors
Communists used this term to signify the class in society that controlled
Proxy war the means of production and distribution; this gave them power to exploit
the masses of workers
Policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonisation,

Proletarian use of military force, or other mean
Ideology A War instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved
Area or region where one power, or a group of powers, has significant

Imperialism control over apparently independent states
HOT: Write 2 sentences using as many of the keywords as possible.
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7
TASK 2: Using the information from the PowerPoint, annotate the timeline showing the events that caused
historical grievances. Give them a rating out of 10 to show how much it impacted on relations. 10 being the most
important.
Event Why hostility?
1917
1919
1919-
20
1939
1942-
44
1943
8
TASK 3: Which historical grievance do you think was the most important in raising tensions? Explain your
answer.
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“The Bolshevik Revolution, which had happened only a quarter century earlier, had in contrast involved the embrace
of concentrated authority as a means of overthrowing class enemies and consolidating a base from which a
proletarian revolution would spread throughout the world. Karl Marx claimed, in the Communist Manifesto of 1848,
that the industrialization capitalists had set in motion was simultaneously expanding and exploiting the working
class, which would sooner or later liberate itself. Not content to wait for this to happen, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin sought
to accelerate history in 1917 by seizing control of Russia and imposing Marxism on it, even though that state failed
to fit Marx’s prediction that the revolution could only occur in an advanced industrial society. Stalin in turn fixed
that problem by redesigning Russia to fit Marxist-Leninist ideology: he forced a largely agrarian nation with few
traditions of liberty to become a heavily industrialized nation with no liberty at all. As a consequence, the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics was, at the end of World War II, the most authoritarian society anywhere on the face of the
earth.”
― John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History
TASK 4: Why does Gaddis argue that the Cold War started in 1917?
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Do you think that Gaddis’ view is valid? Why?
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TASK 5: Time to answer the learning questions, how did historical antagonism affect the Cold War
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10
Conferences of the Grand Alliance: Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam
TASK 1 Answer there following recap questions from the previous lesson.
1. What is a free market

economy?
2. Who as the founding farther
of the communist ideology?
3. How did Stalin modify

Leninism?
4. Give 3 features of a
communist society
5. Give 3 features of a
capitalist society.
6. Explain 3 historical
grievances.
British Foreign Secretary

Antony Eden discussing the
wartime alliance with the USSR
& USA in 1943
11
TASK 2: Read Anthony Eden’s telegram and answer the following questions.
How does Eden describe the How positive is the tone and What does this suggest
wartime alliance? message of this source about about the wartime alliance?
superpower relations?
TASK 3: Using the internet, research the Tehran conference and fill out the table below.
The Tehran Conference, 1943
Objectives:
Disagreement/Problems? Outcomes
12
TASK 4: Complete the table below, summerising the key points of the Yalta Conference.
Yalta Conference 4-11 February 1945
Prelude to the conference:
Churchill and Roosevelt objectives: Stalin's Objectives:
Agreements:
Success Rating - Colour in the thermometer and explain why you gave it that rating.
TASK 5: Explain the relationship between the three leaders in 3 bullet points using the textbook.
Stalin Roosevelt Churchill
13
Source A
This cartoon by the American cartoonist Paul Plaschke
appeared in the Chicago Tribune, shortly after the Yalta
Conference. It shows Stalin playing poker with Churchill
and Roosevelt.
TASK 6: What does the cartoon tell you about how the Americans viewed the Yalta conference?
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Why is the source useful to a historian studying the Yalta Conference?
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HOT Why is the source not useful to a historian studying the Yalta Conference?
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HOT – Make an overall judgement on how useful this source is to a historian studying the Yalta conference
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14
Highlight any TASK 7: Fill in the boxes to the side of the source Highlight any
positive formal
language Source: Transcript of the agreements made at the Yalta Conference, 1945 language
THE Crimea Conference of the Heads of the Governments of the United States of
America, the United Kingdom, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which
took place from the 4th-11th February, came to the following conclusions-:
Why does it
Why does it Declaration of Liberated Europe: have formal
have positive language?
language?
The establishment of order in Europe and the rebuilding of national economic life
must be achieved by processes which will enable the liberated peoples to destroy
the last vestiges of Nazism and fascism and to create democratic institutions of
their own choice. This is a principle of the Atlantic Charter – the right of all people
to choose the form of government under which they will live – the restoration of
sovereign rights and self-government to those peoples who have been forcibly
deprived of them by the aggressor nations.
To foster the conditions in which the liberated people may exercise these rights, the
three governments will jointly assist the people in any European liberated state or
former Axis state in Europe where, in their judgment conditions require,
a. to establish conditions of internal peace;
b. to carry out emergency relief measures for the relief of distressed peoples;
c. to form interim governmental authorities broadly representative of all
democratic elements in the population and pledged to the earliest possible
establishment through free elections of Governments responsive to the will of the
How could How could
people; and to facilitate where necessary the holding of such elections.
this be useful this be useful
to a historian to a historian
studying the studying the
Germany and reparations:
Yalta Yalta
conference? conference?
Germany must pay in kind for the losses caused by her to the Allied nations in the
course of the war. Reparations are to be received in the first instance by those
countries which have borne the main burden of the war, have suffered the heaviest
losses and have organized victory over the enemy.
ii. Reparation in kind is to be exacted from Germany in three following forms:
a. Removals … of equipment, machine tools, ships, rolling stock, German
investments abroad, shares of industrial, transport … these removals to be carried
out chiefly for the purpose of destroying the war potential of Germany. 15
b. (b) Annual deliveries of goods from current production for a period to be fixed.
c. (c) Use of German labour.
TASK 8: Complete the table below, summerising the key points of the Potsdam Conference.
Potsdam Conference 17 July-1 Aug 1945
Context conference:
Agreements/Success Disagreements/Failures
Success Rating - Colour in the thermometer and explain why you gave it that rating.
TASK 9: Explain the relationship between the two leaders in 3 bullet points.
Stalin Truman Atlee
16
Source A
This cartoon was published in the Soviet magazine
Krokodil on 30 July 1945, three days before the end of the
Potsdam Conference.
TASK 10: Answer the following questions regarding source A

1. What can you see?
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2. What does it symbolise?
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3. The cartoon shows scenario contrary to the truth, why do you think this is?
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4. What does it show about USSR intentions?
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Source B
Now I know what happened to Truman yesterday. I couldn't understand it. When he got to the meeting after having
read this report he was a changed man. He told the Russians just where they got on and off and generally bossed
the whole meeting.
Churchill, talking - on 22 July - about Truman's behaviour on that day (i.e. the day after he had found out
about the atomic bomb).
TASK 11: Complete the table below which saying why it might be useful/not useful to a historian studying the
Potsdam Conference
17
Context (what’s
Nature (type of
Origin (When) Purpose Tone going on at this
source)
time?)
TASK 10: Overall, how valuable do you think this source is for a historian studying the Potsdam conference?
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Section B Essay:
‘It was the USA’s commitment to a post-war democratic Europe that caused both the Yalta and
Potsdam conferences to end in failure’.
Assess the validity of this view.

[25 Marks]
Introduction:
What is your initial opinion? Why?
Paragraph 1:
• What is a reason that this view is valid?
(Why you might agree with it)
• Where is your contextual proof to support
this? You need 2 at least:
• How do this support the argument why
this view is valid?
• How far do you agree with this argument?
Paragraph 2:
• What is a reason that this view is not
valid? (Why you might not agree with it)
this view is valid?
Paragraph 3:
• What is a reason that this view is not
valid? (Why you might not agree with it)
this view is valid?
Conclusion:
• How valid is that view – give you
judgement.
• Explain why you think that.
• Is one of the reasons you have put forward
most/more important – explain why.
19
Long Telegram, Iron Curtain and Soviet Control over
Eastern Europe.
Chapter 2 - Developing tensions up to 1948
TASK 1: The following statements are in regards to the objectives of Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin. You need to
decide which statement refers to which person by giving a tick in the correct box.
Roosevelt and
Objective Stalin
Churchill
Collective security founded on the United Nations (UN)
The right to national self-determination and no spheres of

influence.
To be in control of its own destiny
Security guaranteed through spheres of influence in Europe
Germany to remain weak for the indefinite future
World economic reconstruction through the creation of the IMF

and the World Bank
TASK 2: Recap: colour code these statements to show whether they relate to Yalta or Potsdam.
Germany was to be completely Berlin would be similarly divided The United Nations Organisation
disarmed and demilitarised into 4 zones. would be formally ratified
The USSR would gain land from

Decentralisation of the political Freedom of speech and a free
Poland, and Poland would be
system was to be undertaken and press were to be restored, as was
expanded to the north and the
local responsibility developed religious tolerance
west
Germany would be divided into

The USSR was to receive
Germany was to become a single four zones, each administered by
reparations from its own zone
economic unit with common an allied power. These were to be
and an additional 25 per cent
policies on industry and finance. the USA, the USSR, the UK and
from the Western Zones.
France.
De-Nazification was to be carried out. War crimes would be judged and

Declaration on liberated Europe
all former Nazi Party members were to be removed public office. The
should be created.
education system was to be purged of all Nazi influences.
20
Eastern Europe.
Task 3 - Read the pages 14 and complete the table for each European country the USSR took over.
Poland
Politics Acts of Violence Success / opposition
Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary
21
Eastern Europe.
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
22
Eastern Europe.
TASK 4: Overall, how successful was the USSRS takeover of Eastern Europe? How did it effect relations? Do you
think Stalin was justified in taking over these countries?
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An extract of George Kennan’s Long Telegram, 1946

We have here a political force committed fanatically to the belief that… it is desirable and necessary that… our
traditional way of life to be destroyed, the international authority of our state be broken, if Soviet power is to be
secure… But… the problem is within our power to solve… without…military conflict
From George Kennan in Moscow – 22.02.1946
TASK 5: Highlight any signs of a concerned/warning tone.

How does this sourced describe the Russians?
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What is Kennan’s message?
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23
Eastern Europe.
TASK 5: Complete the table using the information from your textbook and any additional reading from the internet.
Long Telegram Iron Curtain Speech Novikov Telegram

Date: Date: Date:
Author: Author: Author:
What is the message? What is the message? What is the message?
Killer quotes: Killer quotes: Killer quotes:
TASK 6: What were the impacts of the telegrams? Mark the thermometer to show Stalin's paranoia, Truman’s fear of
communism
Stalin’s paranoia American fear of

Communism
24
What were the origins of the US policies of containment
and globalism?
TASK 1: Use the internet and the textbook to complete the following tasks label the map to show where the 3 crisis
were.
TASK 2: Use the internet and the textbook to complete the table below.
Crisis 2: Turkish Straits

Crisis 1 - Iran Crisis Crisis 3 - Greek Civil War
Crisis
Date
Context
Details of the
event`
Consequence
How did it
affect
relationships?
25
and globalism?
HOT: Are there any similarities/differences between the crises?
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TASK 3: Fill the following boxes with information about the Truman Doctrine (March 1947). Keep to the
suggested bullet points.
Context
.
Immediate Factors
.
26
and globalism?
Main Points
HOT: Why do some Historians argue the Cold War officially started in 1947? Think about why
1947 is significant.
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HOT: Explain it like I’m 5, what was the Truman Doctrine.
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and globalism?
TASK 4: Complete the table below for Cominform from page 18
What is it?
When was it?
Why was it created?
Where was it?
Who was in it/created it?
HOT: Ultimately, do you think this was a reactionary action from the USSR or do you think they would have
created something similar regardless to America's actions.
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28
What were USAs policy towards Britain and Europe?
Chapter 3 USA’s involvement in Europe
TASK 1: Starter Recap. Define these key words
Containment
Truman Doctrine
Long Telegram
Novikov Telegram
Iron Curtain Speech
Iran Crisis (1946)
Globalism
Isolationism
Marshall Plan
TASK 2: Which keyword do these pictures represent?
29
TASK 3: Answer the following questions regarding the USA’s policy towards Britain and Europe (page
20-21)
What was the USA’s initial approach

to Europe?
Who was Dean G. Acheson?
What did he warn?
What did Clayton argue?
What does strategic planning mean?
What was the US strategic plan for

Europe?
Why were Britain the driving force

for keeping the ‘special relationship’
with USA?
TASK 4: Fill the following boxes with information about the Marshall Plan. Keep to the suggested bullet
points.
Context
.
Immediate Factors
.
.
30
Main Points
TASK 4: US attitudes to Germany and Berlin Cornell note taking from page24 of the textbook.
Cue words, key terms,

questions, main ideas.
USA + Britain joined zones to form Bizonia in January 1947. This
Bizonia showed USA interest in creating an economically stable and United
Western European bloc.
31
Cue words, key terms,

questions, main ideas.
32
EXAM QUESTION- With reference to Sources 1,2 and 3, and your understanding of the historical context,
assess the value of these sources to an historian studying the USA’s motives behind the introduction of
the Marshall Plan.
TASK 5: I DO
Source: From an interview given by Harry S Truman, broadcast on

US radio in 1947 he comments on the consequence for the USA if
there as to be some form of disintegration in Europe
If communism is allowed to absorbs the free nations we would be

isolated from our sources of supply and detached from our
friends. Then we would have to take defence measures which
might really bankrupt our economy, and change our way of life so
that we wouldn’t recognise it as an American any longer. That’s
the very thing we’re trying to keep from happening.
33
With reference to Sources 1,2 and 3, and your understanding of the historical context, assess the
value of these sources to an historian studying the USA’s motives behind the introduction of the
Marshall Plan.
TASK 6: I DO
Source 1: From an interview given by Harry S Truman, broadcast on US radio in 1947 he comments on
the consequence for the USA if there as to be some form of disintegration in Europe
If communism is allowed to absorbs the free nations we would be isolated from our sources of supply and
detached from our friends. Then we would have to take defence measures which might really bankrupt our
economy, and change our way of life so that we wouldn’t recognise it as an American any longer. That’s the
very thing we’re trying to keep from happening.
TASK: Highlight/underline every time ‘value’ is mentioned in this answer.
Source A is valuable to a historian when studying the USA’s motives behind the introduction
of the Marshall Plan as it is an interview with the US President. This adds value to the source
because it shows us the motivation and mindset behind the policy maker. Truman had to
argue passionately for the introduction of the Marshall plan to congress in 1947 as it stepped
away from America’s policy of isolationism which they had prior to WW1. This passion can
also be seen in source A as it states that a bankrupt Europe could ‘change our way of life so
that we wouldn’t recognise it as an American any longer’. The audience of the source is the US
public which explains the passionate tone of the source. This somewhat adds to the value as
Truman is explaining his intention to the public as he needs to gain support for his actions.
However, it could also weaken the value as the purpose of the source is to gain popular
support, it could be seen as hyperbolic and trying to stoke the anti-communist sentiment and
avoiding the true intentions. The content of the source is valuable to a historian as it states
that America could be ‘isolated from our sources of supply’. This adds value because the
financial gains that America received by implementing the Marshall plan were favourable.
During WW2, America gained financially through selling foodstuff and weapons to Europe
and this enabled them to get out of the depression that they had been in since the Wall Street
Crash of 1929. There was a clear financial incentive for introducing the Marshall plan as they
were able to a large prosperous market. However the the argument that failing to support
Europe would ‘change our way of life’ is hyperbolic and exaggerated which ultimately
weakens the value of the source. Overall, source 1 is very useful for a historian studying the
motives behind the Marshall plan as it emphasises the financial stability that would come
from the plan and the growing fear of communism that was spreading across America.
34
Marshall Plan.
TASK 7: We DO
Source 2: From the speech Marshall presented at Harvard University in

June 1947, in which he unveiled his plan for the economic recovery of
post-war Europe.
Aside from the demoralising effect on the world at large and the possibilities
of disturbances arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned,
the consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to
all. It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to
assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which
there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is not
directed against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty,
desperation and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working
economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social
conditions in which free institutions can exist… Governments, political parties,
or other groups which seek to perpetuate human misery in order to profit
therefrom politically or otherwise will encounter the opposition of the United
States.
35
Marshall Plan.
TASK 8: You DO
Source 3: Adapted from a speech delivered to the United Nations in September 1947
by the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister, Andrey Vyshinsky:
The United States government had moved towards a direct renunciation of the principles of
international collaboration and concerted action by the great powers and towards attempts
to impose its will on other independent states, while at the same time obviously using the
economic resources distributed as relief to individual needy nations as an instrument of
political pressure. The United States also counted on making all these countries directly
dependent on the interest of American monopolies. The implementation of the Marshall
Plan will mean placing European countries under the economic and political control of the
United States and direct interference by the latter in the internal affairs of these countries.
An important feature of this plan is the attempt of confront the countries of Eastern Europe
with a bloc of Western European states, including Western Germany.
36
What were the causes and consequences of the Berlin
Blockade?
Chapter 4: Conflict over Germany. 1947-49
TASK 1: Keyword matchup.
The idea that a state could use its economic power to ensure that an
economically weaker state becomes dependent upon it; this
Veto
dependency would be used by the stronger state to exercise influence
over the weaker on.
An approach to foreign policy favoured by the USA before its

intervention in the Second World War; it was based on minimal
Sovereignty
involvement in external affairs, beyond those seen to relate to US
interests in places geographically close to the USA.
The recognition by the international community of a state’s

Protectorate independence and its right to govern itself without external
interference.
The right to vote against something and that single vote is sufficient to
Economic imperialism
bring the whole plan to a stop.
Planning that is designed to establish some degree of military, political

Isolationism or economic control by pursuing actions and policies which will result
in one or more of these outcomes.
Strategic planning A region or state that falls under the influence of another state, whose
aim it is to ensure the safety of the state or region.
TASK 2: Pick 3 of the keywords and write 3 sentences using them in reference to the Cold War and what
you have learned so far.
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37
Blockade?
TASK 3: Fill in the gaps.
The division of Germany into _____ zones, which was agreed at _______________ conference, was never meant to be
________________ , only temporary. After the introduction of the __________________ plan, the USSR felt threatened. The
problem with Germany persisted throughout the post-war years with the USSR demanding ____________ reparations
and their want for Germany to remain _______________ weak. This view was also shared by the ______________ who had a
long history with Germany. However, England and the USA wanted to ____________ and make them strong again.
TASK 4: Using a pencil, divide the picture of Germany into the four zones of occupation. Using the information in the
textbook, put specific information into each zone e.g numbers, names, dates etc…
38
Blockade?
TASK 5: Look at the following statements regarding the causes of the Berlin Blockade, place them in the correct
category.
Categories
Events Attitudes Why a blockade?
Category Statement
Truman Doctrine - March 1947
Us Wanted to contain Communism from spreading to West Berlin - Resource

support and new currency.
A show of military force would likely escalate into a war.
The economy of West Berlin would suffer in comparison to East Berlin
Collapse of Allied Control Council March 1947
USSR absorbs Socialist Unity party into Communist part May 1947
Ussr Wanted US out of Berlin so it could impose Soviet control and not have a US
presence in their sphere of influence.
It would put pressure on the SU to change its policies in Germany or leave
The allies resentment towards the Germans would make it unlikely that they would
unite their resources.
TASK 6: Recall. From your prior learning, what other events may have built up to the Berlin Blockade? List them and
add the date and one detail of the event.
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Blockade?
TASK 7: Read pages 31- 32 and complete the flow diagram of the Berlin Blockade. Add key information about
what the event is about.
Bizonia
New Currency
The Berlin Blockade, June 1948-May 1949

Consequences
40
Blockade?
Creation of East and West Formation of NATO Soviet Response

Germany
TASK 8: Consolidate you learning by making a list of causes (long and short term) and consequences of the
Berlin Blockade/Crisis
Short Term Causes Long Term Causes Consequences
41
Blockade?
TASK 9: Which cause and which consequence do you think was the most significant? Be specific with your detail and
explanation.
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42
Blockade?
‘The Soviet government did everything it could to prevent the world from
being split into military blocks…All these warnings failed, however, and
the North Atlantic Treaty Alliance came into being.’
Stalin commenting on the formation of NATO, 1949
‘Military power serves the cause of security by making prohibitive the cost of any
aggressive attack. It serves the cause of peace by holding up a shield behind
which the patient constructive work of peace can go on.’
President Eisenhower commenting on the role of NATO two years after the
Warsaw Pact was formed, 1957
TASK 10: Who do you agree with, Stalin or Eisenhower? Explain using pros and cons of each argument.
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43
So who was to blame for the Cold War for the start of
the Cold War?
TASK: Tension levels of US-Soviet Relations. Using two colours, plot how much tension each event in the cold war
caused.
USA USSR
Extremely
Significantly
Substantially
Moderately
Partially
Slightly
Not at all
Nov 1943 Tehran Conference
USSR Expansion into Europe

1941 Grand Alliance formed
August 45 US Drops atomic
Iron Curtain Speech
Novikov Telegram
Key event
Truman Doctrine
July 45 Potsdam
Berlin Blockade
Greek Civil War
Long Telegram
Marshall Plan
Feb 45 Yalta
Cominform
bomb
TASK: Ultimately, who do you think was to blame for the Cold War?
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44
Source Question
TASK 1 - With reference to source 3 and your understanding of the historical context, assess the value of
these sources to an historian studying the significance of Berlin for the Western powers.
Source 3
From Truman’s notes made in response to Clay’s report on the
Berlin Blockade in July 1948:
Clay said that the abandonment of Berlin would have a disastrous

effect upon our plans for Western Germany. It would also slow down
European recovery. The (West) Germans were concerned about the
possibility of our leaving Berlin. We should go to any lengths to find
a peaceful solution to the situation, but we had to remain in Berlin.
He reported that the airlift was more than enough to meet the food
requirements, but was inadequate to meet the necessary amounts of
coal.
What is it? Value
Nature
Origin
Purpose
Audience
Tone
Emphasis
Content
45
Source Question
TASK 5 - With reference to source 4 and your understanding of the historical context, assess the value of
these sources to an historian studying the significance of Berlin for the Western powers.
Source 2
Adapted from a note to British prime minister Clement Attlee,
in July 1948, in which Bevin presented his analysis of the
situation in Germany:
The mere fact of our continuing presence has so far prevented and
shall continue to hinder the setting up in Berlin of a Soviet-
controlled German government. To retreat from Berlin, the last
democratic island in the Soviet sphere, would immensely increase
Soviet prestige, win over the doubtful masses in Germany to their
side and depress our friends in each of the free countries of Europe.
We must however be clear in our minds that to stay in Berlin is a
means to an end rather than an end in itself.
What is it? Value
Nature
Origin
Purpose
Audience
Tone
Emphasis
Content
46
How important were differences over Germany between the USA and the USSR in the
development of the Cold War by 1949?
PARAGRAPH 1
Introduction of paragraph 1 agreeing
List the historical knowledge that supports the statement.
How does this historical knowledge answer the question
Mini judgement on validity
47
How important were differences over Germany between the USA and the USSR in the
development of the Cold War by 1949?
PARAGRAPH 2
Introduction of paragraph 1 agreeing
List the historical knowledge that supports the statement.
How does this historical knowledge answer the question
Mini judgement on validity
48
NOTES
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NOTES
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NOTES
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52

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Part 1 The Origins of The Cold War 1945 1949 Workbook

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AQA AS Level History – The Cold War 1945-1991

To The Brink of Nuclear War: International Relation’s

Chapter Topics RAG Page

Relations between Truman, Stalin and Attlee

The Soviet Union and Eastern and Southern Europe, 1945-48

2 Kennan’s ‘Long Telegram’ and Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ speech.

Cominform, September 1947

The USA’s policy towards Britain and Europe

Developments in the zones

Bizonia and currency reform

4 The Berlin Blockade, June 1948 to May 1949

The formation of the North Atlantic Treaty

The Cold War

TASK 2: Look at the picture to the right. What’s going on?

TASK 3: Read pages 1-3 and answer the following questions.

1. What were the foundational

2. How did Vladimir Lenin build

3. What were the key features and

4. What were the primary

5. What were the primary

6. What were the most significant

7. Why did communism and

Features of Capitalism Features of Communism

TASK 1 : Keyword match up.

The decision-making executive element of the United Nations

A term used to describe a group of states that generally have common

A collection of ideas about how society, economics and politics should be

Policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonisation,

Area or region where one power, or a group of powers, has significant

HOT: Write 2 sentences using as many of the keywords as possible.

Event Why hostility?

Do you think that Gaddis’ view is valid? Why?

1. What is a free market

3. How did Stalin modify

British Foreign Secretary

The Tehran Conference, 1943

Yalta Conference 4-11 February 1945

Prelude to the conference:

Churchill and Roosevelt objectives: Stalin's Objectives:

Stalin Roosevelt Churchill

Potsdam Conference 17 July-1 Aug 1945

Stalin Truman Atlee

TASK 10: Answer the following questions regarding source A

Assess the validity of this view.

Collective security founded on the United Nations (UN)

The right to national self-determination and no spheres of

To be in control of its own destiny

Security guaranteed through spheres of influence in Europe

Germany to remain weak for the indefinite future

World economic reconstruction through the creation of the IMF

The USSR would gain land from

Germany would be divided into

De-Nazification was to be carried out. War crimes would be judged and

Politics Acts of Violence Success / opposition

Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary

Politics Acts of Violence Success / opposition

Politics Acts of Violence Success / opposition

Politics Acts of Violence Success / opposition

An extract of George Kennan’s Long Telegram, 1946

TASK 5: Highlight any signs of a concerned/warning tone.

Long Telegram Iron Curtain Speech Novikov Telegram

Killer quotes: Killer quotes: Killer quotes:

Stalin’s paranoia American fear of