Immune System Part 1: Lymphatic

Organs & Disease

Chapter 13 / 40-1
Overview
 I. Immune System Functions
 II. Lymphatic Organs & Tissues
 III. Immune Disorders
 IV. Infectious Disease
 V. Immune Defenses
 VI. Immunity
 I. Immune System
 Consists of a network of
lymphatic organs, tissues, and
cells
 Plays an important role in
keeping us healthy
 When homeostasis is NOT in
balance, the body has disease
 Function
 Defends body against disease using white blood
cells to maintain homeostasis
 White blood cells are produced by the
lymphatic organs to fight pathogens
invading the body
 Pathogens are things that infect you and make
you sick
 II. Lymphatic Organs
 1. Red Marrow
 2. Thymus
 3. Spleen
 4. Lymph nodes & vessels
 5. Tonsils & Adenoids
 6. Appendix & Peyer’s
patches
 1. Red Bone Marrow

 Function: site of stem cell

production and creation of
white blood cells.
 In adults, red marrow is
found in long and flat bones.
 In children it is found in most
bones
 5 Types of White Blood Cells
 Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte,
lymphocyte (B lymphocyte & T lymphocyte)
2. Thymus
 Located below the sternum
 Larger in children, shrinks with
age
 Critical to immunity
 Function: allows the body to
reject foreign tissues or invading
pathogens
 Immature T-lymphocytes (from
red marrow) move to the thymus
where they mature
3. Spleen
 Located on the left side of
the abdomen
 Function: Filters blood
cells and destroys worn
out blood cells, engulfs
debris
 Can live with out the
spleen but more
susceptible to infections
 4. Lymph Nodes & Vessels
 Function: Lymph nodes filter lymph
 Lymph– excess tissue fluid carried by
lymphatic vessels
 Mostly made of water and dissolved
substances (electrolytes, oxygen)
 Lymph may contain white blood cells,
bacteria, viruses, cancer cells and cell
debris
 4. Lymph Nodes & Vessels
 Nodes can become
swollen when infected

 Function: Lymph vessels

transport lymph from
tissues and nodes back to
the heart
5. Tonsils & Adenoids
 Small masses of lymphatic
tissue around the pharynx
 Function: Trap and remove
pathogens and other foreign
materials that enter the mouth
or nose
 Adenoids, like the thymus,
shrink with age
6. Appendix & Peyer’s Patches
 Both are located in
intestinal wall
 Function: Encounter
pathogens that enter the
body through the
intestinal tract.
III. Immune Disorders
 A. Allergies
 Tricks immune system to
have response
 Response is harmful rather
than protective because it
attacks our own cells
 Symptoms of allergic reaction
 Hives, itching, swelling
 Tightness of chest, difficulty breathing
 Swelling of tongue
 Dizziness, drop in BP
 Anaphylactic shock
 Unconsciousness or cardiac arrest
B. Edema
 Localized swelling
due to the
accumulation of
lymph
 Can lead to tissue
damage and
eventual death if
untreated
 C. Autoimmune Diseases
 The immune system does not distinguish between self
and non-self
 The body produces white blood cells that attack its
own tissues
 Examples of autoimmune diseases
 Multiple sclerosis – white matter of brain and
spinal cord are destroyed
 Juvenile diabetes – destroys pancreatic beta
cells that produce insulin
 Rheumatoid arthritis – destroys joints
III. Infectious Disease
 Disrupts normal body function (homeostasis)
 Caused by a pathogen.
 Pathogen: anything that invades your body &
causes a disease
 Ex: bacteria, protozoan, fungi, viruses, parasites,
worms
 It can be contagious (passed from person to
person)
A. Disease Transmission
 People may carry a disease without even knowing
it.
 Can be spread during the incubation period (before
symptoms occur)
 Transmission by:
 1. Direct contact
 Kissing
 2. Indirect contact-through the air
 coughing & sneezing
 3. Contact with object
 sharing drinks, door knobs, desks
 4. Infected animals
 Vector transmits disease
 Ex: mosquito

 5. Contaminated food or water

 food poisoning
B. Agents of Disease
 1. Protists
 feed on nutrients in host’s blood
 ex: malaria, dysentery
 2. Worms
 parasitic flatworms & round worms
 ex: tapeworms & hook worms
 3. Fungi
 attack moist areas, like the skin, scalp,
mouth & throat
 ex: ringworms & athlete’s foot
 4. Bacteria
 5. Viruses See Next
Sections
4. Bacteria
 Bacteria (prokaryotes)
have a cell wall, cell
membrane, genetic
material, and ribosomes
for protein production
 Bacteria do not have a
nucleus or organelles
 Bacteria are living cells
 They cause disease by:
 Releasing toxins that are

poisonous to people
 Break down tissues of

infected organism for food

 Infectious forms of bacteria-
 Cholera, Bubonic Plague,

tuberculosis, gonorrhea,
anthrax, streptococcus,
staphylococcus
 Treatment: ANTIBIOTICS
 Antibiotic Resistance
 Currently, many bacteria are becoming resistant to
antibiotics
 This is because of antibiotics being over prescribed
 (often for viral infections, which they have no effect on)
 MRSA – Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus
 Bacterial strain resistant to antibiotics
 5. Virus
 Viruses are non-living, non-cellular
structures thousands of times smaller than a
cell
 Structure: DNA surrounded by a protein
coat
 Virus cannot reproduce itself
 Virus relies on a HOST cell to replicate
 A virus usually tricks the host to pull it into
cell
 Virus genetic material takes over the host
cell causing the cell to make new viruses
 Common types of human
viruses:
 Influenza, chicken pox,
polio, HIV, common cold,
and Herpes (cold sores)
 Uncommon types of
human viruses:
 Ebola, West Nile Virus,
Dengue Fever, Smallpox

HIV Virus
Prevention
 Vaccines PREVENT viral infection
 Person is injected with a weakened virus.
 The immune system can later recognize the
normal virus and fight it off
 Ex: measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), smallpox,
polio, flu strains (swine flu)
Treatment
 Viral infections are fought by the
immune system or with anti-viral drugs.
 Some viruses are too strong and too fast for
the immune system to fight.
 These viruses lead to:
 Epidemics (over large areas)
 Pandemics (over whole countries)
 To treat mass outbreaks: contain the area
and quarantine the infected.
  Common Viruses

Influenza (Flu Virus) Human Papilloma

Kills 30,000 Americans every Virus (HPV)
year
  Deadly Viruses

Ebola virus SARS (Severe acute

Africa respiratory syndrome)
~90% mortality rate
China 2002-3
5328 cases, 349 deaths
The Immune System Part 2:
Immune Defenses

Human Body Systems

Chapter 13/ 40-2
 I. Immune System Overview
 Immune System:
System body’s defense system
against disease
 2 Defense Systems for foreign materials
 Nonspecific Defense System
 Specific Defense System
 Includes White Blood Cells (WBCs) to fight infection
through inactivating foreign materials or cells
 Soldiers of your defense system
A. Pathogens & Antigens
 Pathogens (things that infect you) contain
antigens
 Antigens are like chemical markers (name
tag) that tell what the pathogen is

HI, MY NAME IS
Haha!
I am the pathogen.
Swine Flu Virus I have invaded you!

Antigen
 B. WBCs & Antibodies
 WBCs can recognize the
antigens because they have Nooo!

antibodies.
 Antibodies are proteins that
recognize and bind to the
antigen because they fit
together
 Antibodies mark the pathogen Antibody
for destruction
 C. Types of WBCs
 Phagocytes - “eat” & destroy pathogens
 Macrophages, Neutrophils, Monocytes
 Eosinophils – deal with parasitic infections
 Basophils – involved in allergic reactions
 Lymphocytes – deal with specific invaders
 B-lymphocytes- make antibodies
 T-lymphocytes- cells- recognize & kill pathogen
Nooo!
 II. Immune Divisions
 A. Nonspecific Defenses
 B. Specific Defenses
 C. Acquired Immunity
 A. Nonspecific Defenses
 Body protects itself the SAME way regardless
of what is invading it
 Protects against variety of invaders
 Fast-acting Response
 Lines of Defense
 1. Skin, Sweat, Mucus & Tears
 2. Immune Response
 Fever, Macrophages, Inflammation
1. First Line of Defense
 Skin, sweat, mucus, and tears
 Skin is a physical barrier to keep pathogens
out of the body
 Cuts or breaks in the skin allow pathogens to
enter
 Sweat, mucus, & tears contain lysosomes
and other chemicals that kill bacteria.
2. Second Line of Defense
 Immune response – pathogens are
recognized by antigens
 Fever – body raises temperature to slow down
growth & replication of pathogen
 Macrophages – WBCs designed to eat pathogens
 Inflammation – infected area swells with lymph
and blood bringing WBCs and macrophages to
fight pathogen
 B. Specific Defenses
 Immune system attacks specific pathogen
 Pathogen can be recognized by its specific
antigen
 Lymphocytes (B-cells & T-cells)
 B-cells- make antibodies & have memory
 T-cells- recognize & kill pathogen
 2 Types of Specific Defense
 1. Antibody Mediated Immunity
 Antibodies mark pathogens for destruction
 Involves B cells

 2. Cell Mediated Immunity

 Attacks infected self cells
 Involves T cells
 1. Antibody Mediated Immunity
 aka: Humoral Immunity
 Antibodies produced by B cells mark
pathogen for destruction by macrophages
 Primary Response:
 First time you encounter pathogen
 3-6 days to launch immune attack
 Helper T cells signal B cells to divide and
differentiate to produce:
 Plasma Cells – make antibodies
 B memory Cells – remember antigen in case of
second infection
 Antibodies attach to antigens that are
outside a cell
 Macrophages engulf anything labeled
with an antibody
 Antibodies won’t allow viruses to infect
cells
Nooo!

Plasma
cell

Antibody
 2. Secondary Response
 You encounter the same antigen again
 2-3 days to respond
 B-memory cells respond faster to make
antibodies
I remember…
 Do not get sick

 Memory cells =

IMMUNITY B-memory
 B. Cell Mediated Immunity
 Immune system attacks infected cells
 T cells carry out cell mediated immunity
 When viruses or pathogens get inside cells, or
when a cell turns cancerous, antibodies alone
cannot destroy them
 Infected self cell displays antigens from the
pathogen on cell membrane
 T-cells divide and differentiate to recognize and
kill infected cell
 1. Helper T-cells
 recognize antigen and recruit other cells to fight
invader
 (general in command)
 tell B-cells to make antibodies
 Attract Cytotoxic (Killer) T-cells
 2. Cytotoxic (Killer) T-cells
 kill infected self-cell by injecting toxic
chemicals (perforin)
 (trained assassins)

Hello,
I am a deadly
Killer T-cell
 3. Suppressor T cells
 Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T
& B-cells from over-reacting or harming the
body
 4. Memory T cells
 Will cause secondary response if same antigen
invades again
 Immune Cartoon I am a deadly
Killer T-cell.
Die infected cell!
Haha!
I am the pathogen. Infected
I have invaded you!
Self Cell Killer T-cell
I have invaded
your cell!
Antigen
Cell-mediated Immune
Response Suppressor T-
cell

I am the all-knowing
Helper-T cell. I recognize
the antigen. Nooo!

Helper Antibodies
T-cell I have invaded
your tissues!

I remember…
Plasma cell
Antibody-mediated
Immune Response

Macrophage
B-cell
I will eat B-memory
invaders!!!
 The Immune Response Team Hello,
I am a deadly
Killer T-cell.
Haha! Die infected cell!
I am the pathogen.
I have invaded you!

Infected cell
Antigen

I am the all-knowing
Helper-T cell. I recognize
the antigens.
Hey, Killer T,
destroy this infected cell Nooo! Antibodies
And B-cell,
make some antibodies.

I remember…

Helper
T-cell B-cell
B-memory
Antibody
 C. Acquired Immunity
 Immunity is acquired after exposure to antigen
and a memory B or T cell is made
 2 Kinds
 1. Active Immunity:
Immunity you make antibodies in
response to antigen
 Vaccine
 Natural exposure to pathogen
 2. Passive Immunity: you obtain antibodies from
another source
 Mother’s milk gives baby antibodies
 II. Immunodeficiency
 Production or function of immune cells is
abnormal
 May be congenital or acquired
 Includes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome)
 1. AIDS
 HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a
retrovirus (RNA for genetic material)
 HIV targets Helper T cells
 T cell makes new HIV viruses
 Causes slow death of T cells while making more of
the virus
 When there are not enough T cells, the body is left
defenseless against invading pathogens
 AIDS progression:
 Phase I: few weeks to a few years; flu like
symptoms, swollen lymph nodes, chills, fever,
fatigue, body aches. Virus is multiplying,
antibodies are made but ineffective for
complete virus removal
 Phase II: within six months to 10 years;
opportunistic infections present, Helper T cells
affected, 5% may not progress to next phase
 Phase III: Helper T cells fall below 200 per
cubic millimeter of blood AND the person has
an opportunistic infection or type of cancer.
 Person is now termed as having “ AIDS”
 AIDS is when people get sick and ultimately die
from diseases they would normally fight off, but
cannot due to a weak immune system.
 These diseases are called Opportunistic infections.
 Tuberculosis, encephalitis, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and non-
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
 AIDS Pandemic
 More than 36 million infected with HIV
worldwide
 Most infections in sub-Sahara of Africa
 Increasing spread in Asia and India
 Most often spread by heterosexual contact
outside U.S.