Pr1 - Module 3 Lesson 2

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 1
MODULE 3: I D E N T I F Y I N G T H E I N Q U I R Y A N D S TAT I N G T H E P R O B L E M
LESSON 2: THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND RESEARCH QUESTION

Lesson Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. state research questions
2. indicate scope and delimitation of research
3. cite the benefits and beneficiaries of research
4. present written statement of the problem
Activity: Pineapple Ice Cream
1. Who are the characters of the story?
2. What does the little want to do?
3. What was the outcome on her first outing in selling pineapple ice cream?
4, How was the girl able to improve her sales?
5. How did the mother help her child in solving her problem?
6. How would you liken the girl’s story to conducting a research?
7. What characteristics of the girl are important for researchers to develop?
8. How is this activity related to the lesson for today?

Process Questions
1. Who are the characters of the story?
2. What does the little want to do?
3. What was the outcome on her first outing in selling pineapple ice cream?
4, How was the girl able to improve her sales?
5. How did the mother help her child in solving her problem?
6. How would you liken the girl’s story to conducting a research?
7. What characteristics of the girl are important for researchers to develop?
8. How is this activity related to the lesson for today?

An Overview of the Research Problem and Research
Question
Chapter I of the research paper is called The Problem and Its Background
(sometimes also called the Introduction)
It is composed of the following sections:
1) Background of the Study,
2) Statement of the Problem,
3) Scope and Delimitation, and
4) Significance of the Study.
Others have sections such as Objectives of the Study and Hypotheses, but these will
not be considered in this lesson.
Research Problem
 A problem is “any significant, perplexing, and challenging
situation, real or artificial, the solution of which requires
reflexive thinking”. In research, it is known as the research topic
or research title (Calderon & Gonzales,1993)
 This is the main question. It is what your entire investigative project
is all about.
 In qualitative research, the research problem is also known as
the Central phenomenon
Generic Scripts for Central Phenomena
across Types of Qualitative Research
Qualitative Generic Script Topic/ Corresponding Central Phenomenon/ Main Problem
Research Type Subtopic
Narratology What is the story of.. Poverty to fortune What is the story on the turnaround of events among
How do the participants tell poor people who became instant millionaires after
the story of…. winning in the lottery?
Phenomenology What is the essence or Social Institutions/ What is the essence of having to work as an OFW at the
meaning of… Family expense of leaving the family behind?
Grounded Theory What theory explains the Health/Access to What is the theory that explains the process of
process of … tuberculosis accessing tuberculosis services among Mangyans of
treatment Mindoro?
Ethnography What are the culture- Learners without What are the culture-sharing patterns prominent among
sharing patterns prominent access to ICT students without internet access in complying with the
in … resources requirement of modular distance learning?
Case Study What is the issue in, or Health / What is the lesson from the exceptional ability of a few
lesson from the (central people who have high tolerance or threshold for
phenomenon) for physical pain?
(participants)
Qualitative Generic Script Topic Corresponding Central Phenomenon/ Main Problem
Research
Type
Content How does news, drama, song Innuendos of Songs What has been said and what was intended to be said by
analysis advertising, movie, story, novel composed and the songs composed and sung by Adelle?
and entertainment content reflect interpreted by
social and cultural values, issues Adelle
and phenomena
Discourse What is the social and historical Abangan Ang What is the text/transcript like? (accurate, systematic,
analysis context of the texts? What do the Susunod na coherent, plausible (i.e., evidence-based) & possibly
words mean beyond the literal Kabanata (weekly through description?)
meaning of (the written or spoken TV Comedy Satire) Why is it the way it is? (What co-textual interpersonal,
texts)? situational, social, cultural, historical.. .circumstances
(options, constraints, habits) & motivation (goals, needs
& reasons) shape it that way?
How else could it have been worded and with what
effects?
Qualitative Generic Script Topic Corresponding Central Phenomenon/ Main
Research Problem
Type
Historical How did the phenomenon start, and Education – How was the immersion activities of the first
what is its relevance to the future? Who immersion activities batch of Grade 12 ABM students at Speaker
did it happen? When, where, how and Eugenio Perez National Agricultural School
why did it happen? conducted? How does it differ with the way the
same academic requirement is conducted in the
succeeding years?
Biography What is the life story of… about and its Scholarly chronicles What is the biographic sketch of Raul Destura, the
essence? /Biographic sketch Filipino who developed the test kit for Covid 19?
Action What happens to the present condition Information How will using non-traditional font styles in the
Research once the action/intervention is technology Powerpoint® slides used in teaching
done/implemented? Is the theory or integration with Communication Arts improve academic
current knowledge consistent with the facilitating learning achievement?
theory or current knowledge or
literature?
RESEARCH PURPOSE RESEARCH
TOPIC PROBLEM STATEMENT QUESTION
narrows the purpose into
broad subject a general issue, the major intent or specific questions that
matter addressed concern, or controversy objective of the study the researcher would like
by the study. addressed in research used to address the
problem
answered or addressed in
that narrows the topic. the study.
To understand how
students cope with How do senior high
learning general school students in
Low grades of SHS
students in General
mathematics in a SEPNAS learn
printed modular setup general
Mathematics in a even without a teacher
printed modular mathematics topics
facilitating so teachers
distance learning can make amends in a printed
SHS Mathematics
modality modular learning 11
setup?
BROAD NARROW
RESEARCH PURPOSE RESEARCH

TOPIC PROBLEM STATEMEN QUESTION
broad subject a general issue, narrows the purpose into
matter addressed concern, or T specific questions that
the researcher would like
by the study. controversy the major intent or answered or addressed in
addressed in research objective of the study the study.
that narrows the used to address the
topic. problem Does the use of website
To study why learners technology in the
do not attend distance
education classes in a
classroom deter learners
Lack of learners’ from enrolling in a
Distance knowledge about community college to
Learning improve distance distant education class?
distance education education attendance
12
Background of the Study
 Purpose of background of the study
The general definition of the topic/problem area
a. Historical basis for the existence of the problem
b. Efforts made towards addressing similar challenges
c. How the efforts failed to be realized hence the need for
your study
Background of the Study
Contents of the background of the study:
A. Presentation of the problem. Describe the existence of an unsatisfactory

condition or a problem that needs a solution.
B. Historical background of the problem - Give the historical background of the

problem, if applicable.
C. Geographical conditions of the study locale - If applicable, describe the

geographical location of the study.
D. Rationale of the study - Give the reason(s) why the study should be conducted
WHAT THE BACKGROUND OF THE
Study must contain
1. What is already known about the topic?

2. What is not known about the topic?
3. Why do you need to address those gaps?
4. What is the rationale of your study?
Do‘s! Dont’s!
 Explain the importance of your research topic o Write a background that is too long or short
 Talk about the main developments and missing links o Be ambiguous in your writing, disorganized and discuss
and gaps in your research area unrelated subjects.
 Focus on the relevant aspects of your study o Forget the reader may not be familiar with the details of
explaining how it will lead to the progress of your work.
scientific knowledge.
 Engage your findings in a chronological findings o Elaborate on your background literature
 Articulate your ideas in a clear and concise manner o Forget to provide a historical perspective
 Engage the readers by building a story around the o Forget to check your target journal’s instruction for
central theme of your research presenting the study background
1
Background of
This is the description that leads the reader to
understanding the research questions and
the Study appreciate why they are asked.
In writing this section,

• Introduce and briefly define the variables under
Full Bleed Picture
study
• cite the most important study or related
literature
• be consistent with terms used
• ensure that paragraphs summarize unresolved

issues, conflicting findings, social concerns, or
17
Senior High School Students’ Coping with Pandemic-Related Stress
through Social Media Usage
Narrative
The purpose of this phenomenological study will be to describe, Hook
know and understand how social media is used by senior high school
students at Speaker Eugenio Perez National Agricultural School. At this
stage in the research, coping will be generally defined as accessing social
media platforms as a means or strategy by which senior high school students
consciously make efforts to be not so stressed due to the social isolation and
uncertainties brought about by the Covid19 pandemic. With the mode of
learning without a teacher facilitating, all the more these students are Supporting
stressed than just due to staying at home and social media becomes their Literature
refuge.
Social media are forms of electronic communication devices through
which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal
messages, and other content (Merriam-Webster, 2017).
18
Facebook is perhaps the most popular of all social media
platforms. In fact, Facebook alone, as of January 2017 has
reached a record high of approximately 1,850,000,000 active
users as compared to 400 million in 2012 (Smith, 2017).
The appeal of social media cuts across all segments of
society to almost without exclusion in terms of sex (Morris et.
al,., 2017), social class (Cortez, 2019) and age (Revosante,
2019). It is, however, most appealing to the youth, making up
the bulk of social media consumers (Micrososft, 2019).
Arguments
Over the years, social media has influenced basically all aspect
of human existence that it has sparked increased interest in
investigating its influence to contemporary society. Social media’s
influence can be traced in interpersonal matters such as social
relationships to intrapersonal level such as mental health (Hughs,
2017; Stevenson, 2019) either or both in positive and negative ways.
While some studies suggest that social media has brought in some
beneficial effects (Matthews, 2017; Johansson, 2018), its
relationship with stress cannot be undermined (Santos, 2017; Chan,
2019; Jackson, 2019).
Arguments
20
Stress is the body’s response to new unexpected life events that threaten
one’s sense of self or when there is a felt little control over a situation
(stressors), such as the Covid19 pandemic (Merriam-Webster, 2011). The only
way to fight stress is by coping (Patton, 2017).
Coping, as defined in Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2011) is to invest
consciously in solving personal and interpersonal problems to tolerate stress
Supporting
and conflict. Literature
People have different ways of coping to the same situation, and the ability
per se have been found to vary (Reese, 2018). Inability to cope leads to
problems ranging from loss of interest in studying (Gorospe, 2018), to lack of
motivation (Moore, 2018) to suicide (2017, Lenin, 2018, Guthrie et al., 2019).
Arguments
21
In the Philippines, there is still a limited number of literature that
directly links the use of social media as a coping strategy, especially those that
look into the Senior High School (SHS) students’ ability to cope with the
stresses of the pandemic using it. Furthermore, the international researches
conducted on this topic does not provide evidence that the results transcend
through different cultural backgrounds and age groups.
Research Gap
22
Thus, a rise in academic drop out rates may become
inevitable if students’ coping are not determined. This will
later on cause implications on employment and collapse of
social institutions if not averted.
It is under this premise that this study is being
proposed.
Purpose &
Proposal
23
The purpose of this
phenomenological study will be to describe, What do you notice
know and understand how social media is about the opening
used by senior high school students at
Speaker Eugenio Perez National
paragraph of the
Agricultural School. At this stage in the Background of the
research, coping will be generally defined
as accessing social media platforms as a
Study?
means or strategy by which senior high
school students consciously make efforts to This is what you call
be not so stressed due to the social isolation
and uncertainties brought about by the the NARRATIVE
Covid19 pandemic. HOOK.
24
• Statistical data
NARRATIVE HOOK “More than 50% of the adult population
experiences depression today.”
It serves the important function of • A provocative question
drawing the reader into a study. “Why are school policies that ban smoking
in high schools not being enforced?”
cause the reader to • A clear need for research
pay attention “School suspension is drawing increased
elicit emotional or attitudinal attention among education researchers.”
responses, • The intent or purpose of the study
spark interest, and “The intent of this study is to examine how
encourage the reader to continue clients construe the therapist–client
relationship.”
reading.
25
A Suggested Script for Writing a Qualitative
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this __________ (qualitative approach) study is
(was, will be) to __________ (action verb—understand, describe,
develop, discover, etc.) __________ (the central phenomenon being
studied) for __________ (the participants) at __________ (the research
site). At this stage in the research, __________ (the central
phenomenon) will be generally defined as __________ (provide a
general definition).
PARTS OF A WRITEUP ON
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1. Narrative hook – usually the topic sentence/ first sentence/ first paragraph
2. Thesis statement – a declarative sentence that states clearly and firmly the researcher’s main
point.
3. Supporting literature – These are articles or studies providing background idea on the topic,
especially for jargons. Usually, these are conceptual definitions of terms.
4. Arguments – studies that present what is already known about the topic, including those that
support the stand of the proposed study, and those that oppose the stand of the proposed study.
5. The gap – what remains unknown that the proposed study aims to fill
6. Purpose – why the study must be conducted

It is easier to formulate research
Research questions in quantitative
Questions
research than in qualitative
research, since specific
questions are simply crafted for
each of the independent and
dependent variables of the study
How to formulate Research
questions from the Central However, in qualitative
phenomenon/ Research research, variables are not
problem identified, but rather, the
phenomenon, the contexts and
the study population.
Questions
In qualitative research, one
specific question may be
enough; and it can be revised
(by adding more questions) as
they emerge during the
succeeding stages of the
qualitative research process.
Types of Research Subquestions
Qualitative Research
Questions
Descriptive Interpretive Process-oriented
What happened? What are the processes by which a

Asks how was the condition/situation changes, develops, or operates?
condition/ situation
maintained over time, Or
How did the social situation What happened over time?

originate?
What was the

meaning to people of
what happened?
Statement of the Problem
(Purpose Statement and Research Questions)

A series of questions used in researching the topic.
It is composed of
1. The general statement of the problem (the purpose statement)
and
2. The specific sub-problems or sub-questions (or research
questions).
FORMULATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Research questions can be generally classified into two: general and specific.
The general question of the study is derived from the research problem while
the specific questions are anchored on the general research problem.
Example:
This ethnographic study aims to discover students’ learning styles in

the subject Oral Communication. Furthermore, it seeks to answer the following
research questions: (1) How do the student participants perceive Oral
Communication as a subject? (2) What are the various learning styles of the
students? (3) What techniques do the learners use to achieve in the subject?
Notice that a general problem was

presented first. Then it was followed by
the specific questions considered as
research questions of the study
FORMULATING THE
RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND
WRITING THE STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
This section contains the purpose statements

and the research question(s). •Verbs for the aims/objectives of the qualitative
research problem/questions:
“This study (or research) aims to…(make •1. know
congruent with title).” Click icon to add picture
•2. understand
•3. explore
“Specifically, this research (or study) seeks to •4. describe
answer the following questions:” •5. discover
Phrase questions with the data to be collected in

mind. Answer the questions and rephrase
question, if your intended answer does not
match the question.
33
Guidelines in Writing the Statement of the Problem
(Calderon & Gonzales,1993)
1. The general statement of the problem and the research

questions should be formulated first before conducting the
research.
2. Research questions should be stated in the interrogative and
each should be clear to avoid confusion.
3 Each research question should be researchable separately
from the other questions and must be based upon known facts
and phenomena which is accessible to the researcher.
Guidelines in Writing the Statement of the Problem
(Calderon & Gonzales,1993)
4. Answers to each research question can be interpreted apart from the

answers to the other specific questions and must contribute to the
development of the whole research study.
5. The summary of the answers to all the specific questions will give a
complete development of the entire study.
6. The number of research questions should be enough to cover the

development of the whole research study.
Sample Statement of the Problem
This research aims to develop an evaluation model of a web-based tool
used in test administration for Grade 11 and 12 students. (Leanillo, 2016)
Specifically it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the commonly used web-based tools used in test
administration?
2. How are these web-based test tools evaluated?
3. How could evaluation model be designed for web-based test
administration?
Activity
Instruction: In the slides that will follow, critique the

research questions as to their appropriateness given the
type of qualitative research.
Illustration of research topic, research problem,
research purpose and specific questions
FIELD OF TOPIC/ RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH QUESTIONS
SPECIALIZAT
ION
Title PROBLEM/ PURPOSE
CENTRAL
PHENOMENON
HUMSS Culture What are the To describe and 1. Why do the Aetas prefer to settle in the
material and non- understand what are highlands of Zambales?
material cultures of the material and non- 2. What is the typical day-to-day lifestyle
the Aetas/Agtas of material culture of of the Aetas living in the mountains of
the mountains of the Aetas living in the Zambales?
Zambales? mountains of 3. What are the Aetas’ beliefs, customs,
Zambales that are traditions and practices?
(Ethnography) existent to present so
to give impetus on
how similar cultures
can be preserved.
FIELD OF TOPIC/ RESEARCH PROBLEM/ RESEARCH RESEARCH QUESTIONS
SPECIALIZATI
ON
Title CENTRAL PHENOMENON PURPOSE
HUMSS Culture How does a particular city To describe and 1. What local ordinances have been
council regime change from non- understand the passed for the past three terms of the
focus on investment to passing value of local city council of San Carlos City?
investor-friendly ordinances has legislation to 2. What happened after the passing of
affected the investment climate improve the such local legislations?
in San Carlos City, Pangasinan socioeconomic 3. How do the said legislations work to
(Discourse analysis) condition of the cause the influx of investment In the
city. city?
4. What type of investments were the
focus of the local legislations?
FIELD OF TOPIC/ Title RESEARCH RESEARCH PURPOSE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
SPECIALIZA
TION
PROBLEM/
CENTRAL
PHENOMENON
ABM Entrepreneurship Are the shared business To describe and see 1. What are the beliefs and
practices of Chinese- business practices of practices of the participant
Filipino entrepreneurs in Chinese and non-Chinese entrepreneurs along
Gender Differences in San Carlos City managers and see possible business management?
Managing Retail construction suppliers gender variations along 2. What are the reasons for
Businesses in San different from those of business management of living their beliefs and
Carlos City Public their Filipino descent? construction supply stores practices How do
Market construction supply
entrepreneurs manage their
business?
(Ethnography)
SPECIALIZA
TION
PROBLEM/
CENTRAL
PHENOMENON
STEM Biology/ What is the essence of To understand what goes 1. How did the participants
Covid19 surviving moderate through the mind of contract Covid19?
and severe Covid19 healthcare workers who 2. What were the experiences
among nurses? take care of patients that the participants went
Second Chances: especially those afflicted through?
Chronicles of Covid19 with Covid19 but who 3. How do the survivors take
Nurse Survivors experienced moderate their survival from Covid19?
Covid19 themselves.
(Phenomenology)
SPECIALIZA
TION
PROBLEM/
CENTRAL
PHENOMENON
STEM Biology/ What stories of adoption To understand if health 1. What caused the nurses to
of healthy lifestyles were professionals themselves contact Covid19?
Learning the Lesson shared by the nurse- are as vulnerable as 2. How could have they
the Hard Way: participants? everyone even in the aspect avoided getting Covid?
Healthy Lifestyle What are their of health practices and 3. What did they do after
Following Near realizations/ epiphanies health promotion surviving Covid19?
Death Covid following a near-death 4. What is the meaning of
Experience experience due to adopting a new and healthier
covid19? lifestyle?
5. What did the participants
(Narratology) realize from their second
chance at life?
SPECIALIZA
TION
PROBLEM
STEM Biology/ What theory would To identify the factors 1. What are the living
explain children not that enable children to conditions of the children-
getting infected with remain Covid19-free participants?
Covid19 despite living despite being exposed to 2. What practices and/or new
Covid19 Life Hacks: with adults testing adults living in the same strategies were employed
How Nurses Manage positive for covid19? household who tested to protect the participants
to Stay Covid119- positive for the disease even before the pandemic
Free and during the pandemic?
Nurses Practices 3. What larger conditions
influenced their situation of
(Grounded Theory) staying covid19 free?
SPECIALIZA
TION
PROBLEM
STEM Biology/ What lesson can be To explore and discover the 1. How did the newborn
learned from the case possible underlying contract Covid19?
Case study ( one of a newborn who immunologic processes 2. What steps were taken before
newborn who tested tested negative for that made the newborn test birth and upon the delivery
positive along with her Covid19 just a few negative for Covid19 so by the Covid19 positive
mother and then later hours after testing soon. mother meant to protect the
tested negative for positive for the same child from Covid19 and for
Covid19 in a matter of disease? her general welfare?
hours only. 3. What were the circumstances
prior to testing the neonate
(Single case study) the second time that resulted
in negative result?
SPECIALIZA
TION
PROBLEM
STEM Preserving the National What is the story To learn lessons on how 1. What prompted the
Symbol to Greater on the practices of captive breeding can be a foundation to open the
Heights: Captive eagle breeders to successful means of facility to breed eagles in
Breeding Practices for preserve endangered preserving and protecting captivity?
Haribon (Pithecophaga Philippine eagle and wildlife and how captive 2. What processes were
jefferyi ) how do they ensure breeding can gradually involved in captive
that the captive reverse endangered breeding until release of
(GQI) eagles will animals at risk of the haribon into the wild?
successfully survive extinction 3. What does it mean to
and thrive in the preserve the haribon?
wild.
FIELD OF TOPIC/ Title RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH QUESTIONS
SPECIALIZAT
ION
PROBLEM PURPOSE
STEM Disaster Risk What is the To understand why 1. How often does the community
Management essence of community folks experience flooding due to high tide?
having to learn living along the 2. What steps have they done to avoid the
Learning to to live with Sinocalan Riverbanks problem of flooding?
Ride the Tides: periodic high choose to stay and 3. How do they live with the perennial
Glimpse at the tides among learn to live with the problem?
Life of residents living flooding caused by 4. What is the meaning of living with the
Sinocalan by the periodic high tides to problem of flooding to due tide rise and
Riverbank riverbanks of see what is in the not finding another place to live instead?
Dwellers Sinocalan place that they could
river? not afford to leave
(Ethnography) behind.
SPECIALIZAT
ION
PROBLEM PURPOSE
ABM The Road Less What compelled funeral To discover the 1. How did the idea of opening up
Travelled: services owners to choose compelling reasons for a funeral services business
Discovering this kind of business even entrepreneurs to start?
the Reasons if no one in the family is choose opening up 2. What is the meaning of opening
for Opening a licensed embalmer, let funeral services over up a funeral services business?
Funeral alone completed a degree other businesses given 3. What steps have been
Services in embalming that they did not undertaken to ensure the
Business complete a related continued success of the
formal educational business?
(Case Study) degree.
SPECIALIZAT
ION
PROBLEM PURPOSE
HUMSS/ Academic What is the issue To understand and 1. How do female teacher education
Education achievement surrounding explore the students describe their academic
many female challenges in the achievement in their major courses?
(Case study) college students major 2. What course subjects do their participants
for performing courses/subjects in consider difficult?
poorly in the the Teacher 3. What factors contributed to their low
major subjects in Education program in achievement in their major subjects
teacher a local state
education? university so that
interventions to
improve academic
attainment can be
made and
implemented
SPECIALI
ZATION
PROBLEM/ PURPOSE
CENTRAL
PHENOMENON
STEM Health / What compelled To understand why 1. What caused the participants to shift to e-
Yes to Puff tobacco smokers to e-smokers totally cigarette smoking?
without the shift totally to e- avoided tobacco 2. What does e-cigarette smoking bring to
Huff: cigarettes? smoking but not the participants?
Reconnoitering How were they smoking per se I 3. How is e-cigarette smoking similar to
the shift from able to shift order to provide tobacco smoking?
tobacco to e- successfully? insights on how to 4. How different is e-cigarette smoking to
cigarette stop tobacco tobacco smoking?
smoking smoking. 5. What processes or steps did the
participants take to successfully stop
(Narratology) tobacco smoking/
FIELD OF TOPIC/ Title RESEARCH PROBLEM/ RESEARCH RESEARCH QUESTIONS
SPECIALIZA
TION
CENTRAL PURPOSE
PHENOMENON
ABM Entrepreneurship/ What lessons can be To 1. What factors led to the opening of
The Smell of Success: learned from the success of discover/unravel the perfume business?
Discovering the the perfume business of the indicators or 2. What needed to be in place?
Innovative Science Joel Cruz? factors that 3. What happened over time?
Behind the Market enabled and 4. What processes were needed to
Success of Afficionado® sustained the sustain the success?
Perfumes success of the 5. What are the participant’s
(or, Cents of Scents: perfume business epiphanies from his business success?
Learnings on How To of Joel Cruz to
Succeed in the Perfume serve as
Business the Joel Cruz motivation to
Way) people
contemplating on
(Narratology/Case putting up micro
Study) to small
enterprises
SPECIALIZATION
PROBLEM/ CENTRAL PURPOSE
PHENOMENON
HUMSS Parental Grief and What is the meaning of To know and 1. What caused the stillbirth?
Coping of grieving of first-time understand from the 2. What is the meaning for
anticipating First parents after the loss of perspective of a couples to having a child of
Time Parents their supposed first child? couple eager to build their own in their family?
following a How do they grieve? ang complete their 3. How did the participants
Stillbirth family with a child grieve with their loss?
but only to fail so as 4. How did the participants
(Phenomenology) to help couples with cope with their loss?
the same experience
to cope well, and to
generate insights on
possible interventions.
SPECIALIZATION
PROBLEM/ PURPOSE
CENTRAL
PHENOMENON
HUMSS Abakada ng What is the story of To know and 1. What is the learning process of pre-
Bata: Learning children with learning understand what school children?
challenges of difficulties? children with 2. What are the challenges faced by pre-
pre-school What are the learning difficulties school children in learning?
children children’s epiphanies go through and how 3. What interventions do these
from the difficulties they are able to children’s teachers and parents do that
(Narratology) of learning in a achieve, one day at a assisted the children in hurdling their
distance modular time, so that this can learning challenges?
approach? serve as model
frameworks for
teacher, parents and
learners similar
situations
SPECIALIZATION
PROBLEM
ABM Girl Power: What theory To know what business processes 1. What are the learning
How Pre- explains the do women entrepreneurs use in activities that shaped
Education success of successfully managing their women to become pre-
Women Become businesses business despite not having a education entrepreneurs?
Successful managed by formal education in business 2. What is the learning
Entrepreneurs women despite not management in order to gain new process experienced by
having a formal insights on possible factors of women who became pre-
educational success in business ventures other education entrepreneurs?
(Grounded background in than formal education
theory) entrepreneurship
SPECIALIZATIO
N
PROBLEM/
CENTRAL
PHENOMENON
HUMSS Personality What are the To use the findings as basis for 1. What social media
Development/ messages conveyed intervention programs that can platforms do the teenagers
by selfies made be administer by school use to publicize their
Loving Thyself public through social guidance counselors selfies?
Gone Wrong: Root media? 2. How often do the
Causes of teenagers post selfies on
Narcissism among social media?
Teenagers through 3. What are the themes that
Selfies: Basis for commonly comprise the
Intervention selfies or that which
conveys their that and/or
(Content Analysis) feelings?
SPECIALIZATI
ON
PROBLEM/
CENTRAL
PHENOMENON
HUMSS Youth/ IT What does it mean To explore what teens think 1. What are the participants’
for the students to about using Tiktok, why they views about Tiktok?
Teens Talk, Tiktok: dance using the subscribe to it and and what it 2. Why do they patronize the
Exploring Teeagers’ Tiktok® brings to them. Tiktok?
Obsession to Tiktok application? 3. What good do the participants
get out of mimicking, dancing
(Phenomenology) or making impressions using
Tiktok?
SPECIALIZAT
ION
PROBLEM PURPOSE
HUMSS Journey at What is the To know the reasons How do the participants view senility (old
Twilight: meaning of and importance of age) and death?
Exploring having to prepare why elderly people B. what concrete steps do the participants
Death for the elderly think of preparing for take in their preparation for the inevitable
Preparation participants’ their death (death)?
among the death? C. What support systems are available for the
Elderly participants?
D. Why is it important for the elderly to make
death preparations?
SPECIALIZA
TION
PROBLEM PURPOSE
HUMSS Tagnawa: What is the The study is 1. What were the motivations of the
Exploring themeaning of conducted to explore participants in applying for volunteer nurse
Nurse having to endure the lived experiences work?
Volunteerism the unfair labor of volunteer nurses in 2. How did the participants view the job title
in Pangasinanpractice in the Pangasinan. of being a volunteer before applying for
guise of volunteer work?
voluntary 3. Looking back at their volunteer nurse
(Phenomenolo service? work, what were the difficulties and the
gy) benefits they have experienced?
SPECIALIZAT
ION
PROBLEM PURPOSE
HUMSS Exploring the What beliefs and To know what makes 1. What are the motivations for the
Revived Filipino practices are community pantries proponents to initiate the
Bayanihan Spirit commonly shared successful as well as community pantry?
through by those who its meaning to those 2. What is the meaning of organizing
Community organize community who initiated it. a community pantry?
Pantries pantries in the 3. How does a community pantry
Philippines in the work to serve its purpose?
(Ethnography) time of pandemic? 4. How is the flow of goods
sustained?
SPECIALIZAT
ION
PROBLEM PURPOSE
ABM Macro-scale Passing the To explore how the 1. How did the bilao bamboo weaving start?
Local Industry Baton: Exploring bilao weaving 2. What are the reasons for continuing on
the Thriving industry in San the legacy of bilao weaving?
Bilao Industry in Carlos is passed on 3. How do the succeeding generations of the
San Carlos City, the next generation of families of bilao weavers receive the
Pangasinan bamboo weavers. bequeathal?
SPECIALIZAT
ION
PROBLEM
ABM Macro-scale David and To understand and to know 1. How would the participants
Enterprise/entre Goliath: how macro-enterprises describe their business?
preneurship Challenges Faced continue to thrive and earn 2. How was their business before
by Public Market despite the threat of the malls opened?
Vendors with the competitors inside the malls 3. How is their macro-enterprise
Rise of Malls in that are more frequented by when the malls started to
San Carlos City, people because of the operate?
Pangasinan convenience and comfort 4. How do they manage to keep
offered by the big their business profitable
establishments despite the challenge of the
mall establishments?
SPECIALIZATION
PROBLEM PURPOSE
STEM Health How do e- To describe the 1. What is the sociodemographic profile of the
cigarette perceived effects of e- participants?
Puff till you smokers cigarette smoking to 2. How did the participants start to smoke e-
Huff: perceive its the participants’ health cigarettes?
Reconnoiteri effects on and overall wellbeing 3. How do the participants feel towards e-
ng the them? cigarette smoking?
perceived 4. What does e-cigarette smoking do for them?
effects of e-
cigarette
smoking
SPECIALIZAT
ION
PROBLEM PURPOSE
HUMSS Oral What are the To identify the 1. What are the undertones typical of
Communicati overarching dominant theme in Pangasinan anlong?
on/ themes that selected poems 2. How long are the local poems in terms of
dominate in the written in Pangasinan the number of words per line and per
Examining selected poems language. stanza?
the Theme written in 3. What rhyme patterns are commonly used
and Structure Pangasinan in the selected anlong?
of Selected language?
Anlong
(Pangasinan
poems)
Content
analysis
FIELD OF TOPIC/ Title RESEARC RESEARCH RESEARCH QUESTIONS
SPECIALIZAT
ION
H PURPOSE
PROBLEM
HUMSS Fliptop as an How is To determine if 1. What is the basic structure of a fliptop?
avenue for fliptop used fliptop can be 2. What are the intrinsic characteristics of
manifestation of to profess considered as the new fliptop?
patriotism patriotism or contemporary 3. Why is fliptop that way?
among ‘Balagtasan’ in
(Discourse millennials? preserving the
analysis/ General natonallanguage as
qualitative part of national
inquiry) heritage and posterity
SPECIALIZAT
ION
PROBLEM PURPOSE
ABM/STEM Business/ What is the To know about the 1. How did the management come up with
Health/ Disability: story behind employment the idea of employing PWDs?
the conditions of 2. What are the working conditions in the
Able Disabled: employment of PWDs so that other factory suited for PWDs?
PWDs in PWDs in employers may 3. How does the company prepare the newly-
Lamoiyan Lamoiyan consider adopting hired PWDs for work?
Corporation Corporation the same practices 4. What does it mean for the PWDs to work
to give chances to in general, and to work in Lamoiyan
(Narratology/ PWDs to become Corporation specifically?
General independent,
Qualitative productive and able
Inquiry) to contribute to
nation building
SPECIALIZAT
ION
PROBLEM PURPOSE
HUMSS Higher What are the To document the 1. How do women in a psychology doctoral
education issues experiences of program describe their decision to return
surrounding women, and to to school?
women returning provide a gendered 2. How do women in a psychology doctoral
to a psychology and feminist program describe their reentry
doctorate perspective for experience?
(Multiple Case education in women. 3. How does returning to graduate school
Study by University X? change these women’s lives?
Padula and
Miller, 1999)
FIELD OF TOPIC/ Title CENTRAL RESEARCH RESEARCH QUESTIONS
SPECIALIZAT
ION
PHENOMENON PURPOSE
Information Web What are student To understand how 1. How do students use Web 2.0 technology
Technology technology experiences with the CSS students tools?
Tools learner-initiated apply their learning 2. In what ways, if any, do student-initiated
Production web production from their web production tools hinder language
for senior high specialization into learning?
school students in good use in another 3. What role/s do students see learner-
English classes? subject by producing initiated web production tools playing in
a web-based their classes?
(Narratology) technology 4. How do students feel about feedback on
their web-produced activities?
5. In what ways., if any, do Web 2.0
technologies foster a community in the
classroom?
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
 Scope of a Study
It is the coverage of the research to be explored which includes the facts and
theories about the subject
 Delimitation of a Study
It limits the scope and outlines the boundaries of the study.
 Limitations
These are the methods that the researchers admit before data collection that they cannot do
for the research
These limitations include the following:
1. Sample size.
(a) the research design and method will determine whether if it is small or
large sample size.
(b) sample size will determine the quality of data and the relationships that
will be identified among the variables.
2. Lack of available and/or reliable data.
This will limit the scope of analysis and the ability of the researcher to
determine meaningful trends and relationships among the data.
3. Lack of prior studies.
This will limit the effectiveness of the literature review and initial
understanding of the research.
4. Chosen data collection method.
The quality of data collected must be clear to avoid erroneous answers

from the respondents.
5. Nature of the information collected.
Researcher should not rely on pre-existing data.

6. Access.
The amount and quality of available data will depend on the ability of the
researcher to access people, organizations, libraries, and documents \
7. Time Period
It is advisable to select a research problem and design
8. Bias.
The researcher should be aware of his or her personal biases .
9. Language.
This may have an effect on data collection, especially if the researcher is

involved with respondents that speak a variety of languages.
4 • cite data collection method to be used
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION • identify school involved, number of

classes, their grade/year level, number of
This presents the coverage of the research in participants (or respondents, subjects),
terms of location, time, respondents, etc., and and topics of lessons covered (if
the potential weaknesses or problems with the applicable).
study identified by the researcher. • state inadequate measures of variables,
loss or lack of participants, small sample
sizes, errors in measurement, and other
factors typically related to data collection
and analysis.
71
What • The topic of investigation and the variables included
Where • The venue or setting of the research
When • The time frame by which the study was conducted
Why • The general objectives of the study
Who • The subject of the study’ the population and sampling
• The methodology of the research which may include the

How research design, methodology and the research instrument
EXAMPLES OF SCOPE AND
DELIMITATION FROM ACTUAL
QUALITATIVE STUDIES
Research Title:
WORKPLACE ERGONOMICS: PERCEPTIONS ON EMPLOYEES’
STRESS LEVELS AND SAFETY (Lao, 2014)
The focus of this study is on the workplace ergonomics in the corporate office
setting. The study would focus on the relationship of workplace ergonomics and its effects on
employees’ stress levels and safety. Moreover, the study would look into the current behavior
and approach on workplace ergonomics does not encompass benefits received by employees
outside of the said subject matter. In addition, this study does not aim to measure
productivity levels of its respondents.
The participants of this study would be delimited to large corporations whose

employees engage in repetitive tasks. The companies involved in this study limit to
multinational companies within the country. The data from the study would come from
existing literatures, interviews and surveys from company employees. Furthermore, the data
results from this study would only be quantified from the instruments stipulated by the
researchers.
Research Title:
Employee Commitment to Environmental Stewardship as a Component of
Corporate Social Responsibility (San Diego, 2010)
To conduct the research, 100 regular or contractual employees were the primary
respondents. They came from the different working areas in Makati city, where convenience
and availability to carry out the questionnaire needed in this study were factored in. Work
position of the employee were taken. The study investigated the big and remarkable
companies that practice environmental stewardship as the CSR. Environmental stewardship
has two objectives. The first objective basically tackles the conservation of wildlife,
protection of natural resources and protection of the historic environment. The second
objective tackles genetic conservation and flood management. The study focuses only on the
first objective, specifically the reforestation and improvement of the environment. The
researchers selected environmental stewardship because of the alarming changes in the
environment that our society is witnessing today. This is to bring about the sense of urgency
and responsibility in all members of the community.
Research Title:
EXPERIENCES OF REACTION AND COPING OF FILIPINO FATHERS
AND MOTHERS: DURING AND AFTER A NATURAL DISASTER
(Casal, I. J., Chingkoe, J. C., Gonzales, K. J., Tan, M. V., 2015)
The study covers individual experiences and coping of Filipino fathers and mothers.
It will focus only on individuals who were affected by natural disasters, specifically those
who were affected by floods due to typhoons. The researchers focused only on two specific
typhoons, Ondoy and Habagat, because they believed that these typhoons had the most
significant impact on people’s lives. The severity of the impact of these typhoons was so
tragic that the research participants were able to instinctively recall information and their
experiences that happened during these events.
This research focused on the perspective of fathers and mothers. Another limitation
of this research was the area covered wherein the researchers focused only on Filipino
participants who resided in the National Capital Region (NCR) during and after the typhoons
struck.
Research Title:
Personality Traits, Emotional Quotient and Resiliency Level of High School
Cyberbullying Victims: Basis for Life Skills Session Program
(Valencia, A., 2013)
This study was limited to cyberbullying victims, with ages ranging from 11 to 18
years old and who were enrolled during the school year of 2012- 2013 at the _______.
This study was undertaken from June 2012 to March 2013. The students in this
condition were presented with different issues, but the researcher focused on theory,
emotional quotient and resiliency level. Other aspects of their personality were considered in
this study. Thus, the High School Personality Questionnaire was used as one of the
instruments in this study to identify the fourteen personality traits of the respondents. The
BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (BarOn EQ-iYV) was utilized for the
respondents’ level of emotional quotient. More so, the Resilience Scale for Adolescents was
employed to determine the respondents’ resiliency level.
Research Title:
Personality Traits, Emotional Quotient and Resiliency Level of High School
Cyberbullying Victims: Basis for Life Skills Session Program
(Valencia, A., 2013)
Respondents of this study were victims of

cyberbullying who signified to have experienced three or more
of the cyberbullying types and were given consent by their
parents to participate in this study.
Significance of the Study
 The significance of the study discuss the purpose that the

research will serve to society, the country, the government, the
institution or agency concerned, the curriculum planners and
developers, and the research community.
 Describes the contribution of the study to the existing body of
knowledge.
It could be the following:

a. A form of new knowledge in the field,
b. A validation of the major findings of other studies,
c. A verification of the validity of findings in a different population,
d. Analysis of trends over time, and validation of other findings
using different methodologies.
 The significance of the study discusses the purpose that the

research will serve to society, the country, the government, the
institution or agency concerned, the curriculum planners and
developers, and the research community.
 Describes the contribution of the study to the existing body of
knowledge.
The researcher must identify specifically the

beneficiaries who will directly gain from the results of the
study mentioning them in the paper according to the
significance of the result. The specific benefits must also
be enumerated and explained if necessary.
The Effects of Computer-assisted Instruction in the Performance of Students in Asian
History and Civilization (Cuenca, 2008)
The findings of the study may provide deeper insights on how teaching can be made easier
and more meaningful by the use of computer-aided instruction. The study determined the
significant effects of slide presentation in instruction, a form of computer instruction on the
performance of the students in the subjects Asian History and Civilization.
Students. The results may serve as an inspiration for them to continuously improve
their skills in using computers because they will realize the comfort that computer skills offer
in complying with the requirements of major subjects in the coming years.
School Administrators. The results may serve as a guide in the program-planning and
implementation of the IT department so that they can be of great help to the teachers of the
university.
Teachers. The results may serve as an eye opener for those who are not comfortable
on the use of computers in their class lesson presentations. The findings of this study may
encourage more of them to apply computer-aided instruction in teaching.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
At the end of the discussion, the learners must be

3
SIGNIFICANCE
able to cite benefits and beneficiaries of the study.
CS_RS12-Id-e-7 OF THE STUDY
States the audience who will benefit from a
study of the problem and explains how exactly
will the results be significant to them.
•Describes how the problem will be solved

Click icon to add picture
and specifically pinpoints who will benefit
from such findings or results.
•The beneficiaries of the study are those
experts concerned about the problem, the
administrators or policy makers who make
the decisions or implement programs, the
subjects themselves, future researchers and
those who are directly or indirectly affected
by the problem.
84
3
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
•May also look into any contribution of

the study to the field of specialization
or discipline, any advancement or new
Click icon to add picture knowledge that the study contributes
to the science or to the state-of-the-
art.
•May also state the specific sectors who

will benefit from the study. This part
also justifies the rationale of the
undertaking.
85
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
At the end of the discussion, the learners must be

3
SIGNIFICANCE
able to cite benefits and beneficiaries of the study.
CS_RS12-Id-e-7 OF THE STUDY
In paragraph form, cite beneficiaries (e.g.,
students, professors or teachers, university
administrators, parents) of the results of
study.
For each beneficiary group, specifically
describe how it will benefit from the findings.
86
3
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
Tips In Writing The Significance of the
Study
1. Refer to the statement of the problem
•To be guided in identifying the specific
contribution of the study
•Can be done by one-to-one correspondence
between the statement of the problem and the
significance of the study.
2. Write from general to specific.
•Write the significance of the study by looking into
the general contribution of the study, such as its
importance to society as a whole, hen to individuals
which may include yourself as a researcher.
87
Tips In Writing The Significance of the Study
1. Refer to the statement of the problem

◦ To be guided in identifying the specific contribution of the study
◦ Can be done by one-to-one correspondence between the statement of the
problem and the significance of the study.
2. Write from general to specific.

◦ Write the significance of the study by looking into the general
contribution of the study, such as its importance to society as a whole,
Then to individuals which may include yourself as a researcher.
SAMPLE WRITEUP OF
Students. The study will give them
information about the causes of teenage
A SIGNIFICANCE OF
pregnancy and its possible effects on THE STUDY
their studies. This paper will guide them
to focus first their attention on their
studies. The study must be conducted to find out the
major causes of teenage pregnancy and the
extent of the effect of teenage pregnancy on
Out –of-school youth. They will be
the development of students and out-of-
made aware Click
of icon
the causes of teenage
to add picture school youth in Maramag, Bukidnon. The
pregnancy and are helped to avoid the
result of this study is beneficial to students
same to increase their chance to
and out-of-school youth, to the parents,
participate in the Alternative Learning
teachers, to the community, school
system (ALS) or increase their chances to
administrators, researchers and other
go back to the formal school.
interested individuals because this can give
empirical data as bases for suggestions on
minimizing teenage pregnancy in the
community.
89
SAMPLE WRITEUP OF
Teachers. The study could provide
insights on what steps to take for they
A SIGNIFICANCE OF
could be informed how important THE STUDY
education is to the development of
children to manhood/womanhood. This
enables them to guide and identify the This study will also benefit the parents to
major causes of teenage pregnancy enable them to realize their great role in
especially in Maramag, Bukidnon. educating their teenagers, protecting and
diverting them from indulging in premarital
Click icon to add picture sex. This study, too, will male the parents
aware that education about the use of
contraceptives will also start at home.
90
School Administrators. This study SAMPLE WRITEUP OF
will provide them information on the A SIGNIFICANCE OF
importance of knowing the major factors
behind early pregnancy and the possible THE STUDY
effects on educational development of
teenagers. It is one way that administrators
will intensify sex education in their school,
improve the knowledge of their teachers
through seminars so that they can deal well
with students to avoid pregnancy at an early
age.
Future Researchers. The researcher
hopes that the result of this study would also
be a great help to future researchers and to all
people who are interested to know more
about teenage pregnancy- their causes and the
possible effects on their educational
development.
91
•Scope
•describes the coverage of the study
4 •Specifies what is covered in terms of
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION concept, number of subjects or the population
included in the study, as well as the timeline
This presents the coverage of the research in when the study was conducted.
terms of location, time, respondents, etc., and •Delimitation
the potential weaknesses or problems with the •citing of factors or variables that are not to
study identified by the researcher. This section be included and the boundary in terms of
sets the boundaries and parameters of the study, time frame, number of subjects, participants
narrows the scope of inquiry. or respondents who are excluded
•specifies that which will nor be dealt with in
the study.
92
Limitation
Events or activities in the research process
4 where the researcher has little to no control
at all; associated with validity and reliability
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION An example of delimitation writeup:
This presents the coverage of the research in Initially, this study will confine itself to
terms of location, time, respondents, etc., and interviewing and observing the psychiatric staff
the potential weaknesses or problems with the nurse in a Midwest private psychiatric hospital.
study identified by the researcher. This section An example of a limitation writeup
sets the boundaries and parameters of the study, The purposive sampling procedure decreases
narrows the scope of inquiry. the generalizability of findings. This study will
not be generalizable to all areas of nursing.
93
4 • cite data collection method to be used
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION • identify school involved, number of

classes, their grade/year level, number of
This presents the coverage of the research in participants (or respondents, subjects),
terms of location, time, respondents, etc., and and topics of lessons covered (if
the potential weaknesses or problems with the applicable).
study identified by the researcher. • state inadequate measures of variables,
loss or lack of participants, small sample
sizes, errors in measurement, and other
factors typically related to data collection
and analysis.
94
What • The topic of investigation and the variables included
Where • The venue or setting of the research
When • The time frame by which the study was conducted
Why • The general objectives of the study
Who • The subject of the study’ the population and sampling
• The methodology of the research which may include the

How research design, methodology and the research instrument
Sample phrases that express the scope
of the study:
•The coverage of this study……….
•The study consists of ……..
•The study covers the ……….
•This study is focused on…….. ABSTRACTION
Sample phrases that help express the SCOPE – what the researcher(s) WILL DO
delimitation of the study:
•The study doesClicknot
icon cover the……
to add picture
DELIMITATION- what the researcher(s)
•The researchers limited this research WILL NOT DO
to……
•This study is limited to……… LIMITATION - what the research and/or
the researcher(s) CANNOT DO
96
The main purpose of this study is to provide information
regarding metrosexuality and how being a metrosexual affects
the lifestyle of the student. The study considers the student’s
personal information such as their name (optional), gender, age,
and section.
The researchers limited the study to 80 male and
female secondary education students enrolled in the second
semester of school year 2015-2016 of Technological institute of
the Philippines. Each of the respondents was given a
questionnaire to answer. The students selected came from four
different sections to get objective perceptions and prevent bias.
The following sections compose the presentation of
the written statement of the problem
1. Introduction 3. Scope and Delimitation
States briefly the background of the
study and identifies the rationale of the Sets the boundaries and
research problem. parameters of the study, narrows
the scope of the inquiry.
It begins with a general statement
of the problem, outlines the 4. Significance of the Study
specific problem or issue within
Shows the benefits of the study to
the existing literature.
address issues and l problems, in
2. Statement of the Problem improving economic and health
conditions or even finding solutions
States clearly the purposes or
to problems encountered in daily
interest of the study, poses specific
life.
questions about research problem.
Activity 1
Directions: Answer the questions in 3-5 sentences only. Write your

answers on the space provided.
1. What is Chapter 1 of a research paper and its sections that
comprise?
2. What is the difference between a research problem and research
topic?
3. What are the guidelines in writing statement of the problem?
4. Why do we need to limit the scope of the study?
Presenting Written Statement of the
Problem
2. With the above research topics you saved, identify at least three
research problems for each and explain why you chose them.
A problem well stated is half solved.
-Wally Davis
See you in Module 4 Lesson 1!

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PRACTICAL

LESSON 2: THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND RESEARCH QUESTION

2. What does the little want to do?

4, How was the girl able to improve her sales?

6. How would you liken the girl’s story to conducting a research?

7. What characteristics of the girl are important for researchers to develop?

8. How is this activity related to the lesson for today?

2. What does the little want to do?

4, How was the girl able to improve her sales?

6. How would you liken the girl’s story to conducting a research?

7. What characteristics of the girl are important for researchers to develop?

8. How is this activity related to the lesson for today?

It is composed of the following sections:

1) Background of the Study,

2) Statement of the Problem,

3) Scope and Delimitation, and

4) Significance of the Study.

RESEARCH PURPOSE RESEARCH

A. Presentation of the problem. Describe the existence of an unsatisfactory

B. Historical background of the problem - Give the historical background of the

C. Geographical conditions of the study locale - If applicable, describe the

1. What is already known about the topic?

 Engage your findings in a chronological findings o Elaborate on your background literature

In writing this section,

• ensure that paragraphs summarize unresolved

6. Purpose – why the study must be conducted

Descriptive Interpretive Process-oriented

What happened? What are the processes by which a

How did the social situation What happened over time?

What was the

(Purpose Statement and Research Questions)

This ethnographic study aims to discover students’ learning styles in

Notice that a general problem was

This section contains the purpose statements

Phrase questions with the data to be collected in

1. The general statement of the problem and the research

4. Answers to each research question can be interpreted apart from the

6. The number of research questions should be enough to cover the

Specifically it aims to answer the following questions:

Instruction: In the slides that will follow, critique the

It limits the scope and outlines the boundaries of the study.

2. Lack of available and/or reliable data.

3. Lack of prior studies.

4. Chosen data collection method.

The quality of data collected must be clear to avoid erroneous answers

5. Nature of the information collected.

Researcher should not rely on pre-existing data.

It is advisable to select a research problem and design

The researcher should be aware of his or her personal biases .

This may have an effect on data collection, especially if the researcher is

4 • cite data collection method to be used

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION • identify school involved, number of

Where • The venue or setting of the research

When • The time frame by which the study was conducted

Why • The general objectives of the study

Who • The subject of the study’ the population and sampling

• The methodology of the research which may include the

The participants of this study would be delimited to large corporations whose

Respondents of this study were victims of

 The significance of the study discuss the purpose that the

It could be the following:

 The significance of the study discusses the purpose that the

The researcher must identify specifically the