18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Topics Covered

▪ DECISION MAKING AND BRANCHING

▪ Introduction
▪ Decision Making with if Statements
1.Simple if-statement
2.if…...else statement
3.Nested if…..else statement
4.else if ladder

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 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
DECISION MAKING AND BRANCHING
INTRODUCTION

• A C program is a set of statements which are normally

executed sequentially in order in which they appear.
• In some cases, it is required to change the order of
execution of statements based on certain conditions or
repeat a group of statements until certain specified
conditions are met.

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 INTRODUCTION 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• C language possesses such decision making capabilities by

supporting the following statements:
1.if statement
2.switch statement
3.Conditional operator statement
4.goto statement
• These statements are known as decision-making
statements.
• These are used to control the flow of execution, they are
also known as control statements.
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 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Decision Making with if Statement

• The ‘if’ statement is a powerful decision-making

statement used to control the flow of execution of
statements.
• It is basically a two-way decision statement and is used
in conjunction with an expression.
• General Form

if (test expression)

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 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Decision Making with if Statement

• It allows the computer to evaluate the expression first

and then, depending on whether the value of the
expression (relation or condition) is 'true' (or non-
zero) or 'false' (zero), it transfers the control to a
particular statement.
• This point of program has two paths to follow, one for
the true condition and the other for the false
condition
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Decision Making with if Statement

Two-way branching

Entry

test False
expression?

True

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Decision Making with if Statement

• Some examples of decision making using if statements are,
– if (bank balance is zero)
borrow Money

– if (code is 1)
Person is Male

– if (room is dark)
put on lights

– if (age is more than 55)

person is retired
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Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a= 50;
int b = 100;
if (a<b)
{
printf("%d is less than %d",a,b);
}
return 0;
}
Output
50 is less than 100
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 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Decision Making with if Statement

• The following are the various forms of if statements:

1.Simple if-statement
2.if…...else statement
3.Nested if…..else statement
4.else if ladder

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SIMPLE IF STATEMENT

• The general form of simple if statement is.

if (test expression)
{
statement-block;
}
statement-x;

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SIMPLE IF STATEMENT
• The ‘statement block’ may be a single statement or a group
of statements.

• If the test expression is true, the statement-block will be

executed; otherwise the statement-block will be skipped and
the execution will jump to the statement-x.

Note:

• When the condition is true both the statement-block and the

statement-x are executed in sequence.

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Flowchart of simple if control

Entry

Test True
Expression
?

Statement-block
False

Statement-x

Next Statement

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SIMPLE IF STATEMENT
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a;
printf("enter the value :");
scanf ("%d", &a);
if(a>0)
printf(“Positive integer");
return 0;
}

Output
Enter the value : 10
Positive integer
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SIMPLE IF STATEMENT
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=5, b=10;
if(a>10 && a>b)
printf(“a is greater than 10”);
printf(“a is greater than b”);
return 0;
}
Output
a is greater than b
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SIMPLE IF STATEMENT

• More than one test condition can be included in

a test expression by using && and || conditions.
• Example: if(weight<50 && height>170)
• Here the if statement will return true only if both
the conditions are true i.e if weight is less than 50
and height is greater than 170.

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 Multiple if statements- Example 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ Output
int x, y; enter the value of x:3
printf("enter the value of x:"); enter the value of y:3
scanf("%d", &x); x is equal to y
printf("enter the value of y:"); End of Program
scanf("%d", &y);
if (x>y)
Output
{
enter the value of x:5
printf("x is greater than y\n");
enter the value of y:7
}
x is less than y
if (x<y)
End of Program
{
printf("x is less than y\n");
}
Output
if (x==y)
enter the value of x:10
{
printf("x is equal to y\n");
enter the value of y:5
}
x is greater than y
printf("End of Program"); End of Program
return 0;
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}
 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

THE IF…..ELSE STATEMENT

• The ‘if…else’ statement is the extension of simple if

statement. The general form is,

if(test_expression)
{
True-block statement(s)
}
else
{
False-block statement(s)
}
statement-x;
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THE IF…..ELSE STATEMENT

• If the test expression is true, then the true-block

statements, immediately following the if statements are
executed; otherwise the false-block statements are
executed, not both.
• In both the cases, the control is transferred
subsequently to the statement-x.

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THE IF…..ELSE STATEMENT

Entry

True False
Test
Test
expression?
expression?

True-block
True-blockstatements
statements False-block
False-blockstatements
statements

Statement-x
Statement-x

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 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

THE IF…..ELSE STATEMENT

#include <stdio.h>
Output
int main() Enter your age:17
{ You are not eligible for voting

int age; Output

printf("Enter your age:"); Enter your age:18
You are eligible for voting
scanf("%d",&age);
if(age >=18)
printf("You are eligible for voting");
else
printf("You are not eligible for
voting");
return 0;
}
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THE IF…..ELSE STATEMENT

// Check whether an integer is odd or even
Output
#include <stdio.h> Enter an integer: 13
int main() { 13 is an odd integer
int number;
printf("Enter an integer: "); Output
scanf("%d", &number); Enter an integer: 14
// True if the remainder is 0 14 is an even integer.
if (number%2 == 0)
{
printf("%d is an even integer.",number);
}
else
{
printf("%d is an odd integer.",number);
}
return 0;
}

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THE IF…..ELSE STATEMENT

#include <stdio.h>
int main() Output
{ Enter a number:-9
int x; The number is Negative

printf("\n Enter a number:");

scanf("%d",&x); Output
Enter a number:5
if(x>0) { The number is Positive
printf("\n The number is Positive"); }
else
{ printf("\n The number is Negative");}
return 0;
}

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 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

NESTING OF IF …ELSE STATEMENTS

• When a series of decisions are involved, we may have to
use more than one if …else statement in nested form.

• If the condition-1 is false the statement-3 will be

executed; otherwise it continues to perform the 2nd test.

• If the condition-2 is true, the statemen-1 will be

evaluated otherwise the statement-2 will be evaluated and
then the control is transferred to statement-x.

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 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

NESTING OF IF …ELSE STATEMENTS

General Form
if (test_condition1)
{
if (test_condition2)
{
statement-1;
}
else
{
statement-2;
}
}
else
{
statement-3;
}
statement-x;
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 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

NESTING OF IF …ELSE STATEMENTS

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 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

NESTING OF IF …ELSE STATEMENTS

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{ int n; Output
printf("enter a number: "); enter a number: 0
scanf("%d",&n); Zero
if(n<=0)
{
if(n<0)
Output
{ enter a number: -7
printf("%d is negative",n); -7 is negative
}
else Output
{ enter a number: 10
printf("zero");
}
10 is positive
}
else
{
printf("%d is positive",n);
}
return 0; SKASC 26
}
 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

NESTING OF IF …ELSE STATEMENTS

//Nested if-else statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main() Output
{ Enter three numbers 12 45 67
int a, b, c;
printf("Enter three numbers\t");
67 is greatest
scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c);
if(a>b) Output
{ //if bodystarts Enter three numbers 23 -5 8
if(a>c)
23 is greatest
printf("%d is greatest", a);
else
printf("%d is greatest",c); Output
}//if body ends Enter three numbers -99 45 33
else 45 is greatest
{//else body starts
if(b>c)
printf("%d is greatest ",b);
else
printf("%d is greatest",c);
}//else body ends
}
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ELSE IF LADDER
• A multi-path decision is a chain of if statement in which
the statement associated with each else is an if statement.
• As soon as a true condition is found, the statement
associated with it is executed and the control is
transferred to the statement-x

• The conditions are evaluated from the top.

• When all the n conditions become false, then the final

else containing the default-statement will be executed.

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ELSE IF LADDER
• General Form
if ( condition 1)
statement 1;
else if (condition 2)
statement 2;
else if (condition 3)
statement 3;
else if (condition n)
statement n;
else
default statement;
statement-x;
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ELSE IF LADDER

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ELSE IF LADDER
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
Output
int num1, num2, num3;
printf("Enter first number\t:");
Enter first number :12
scanf("%d",&num1); Enter second number :4
printf("Enter second number\t:"); Enter third number :5
scanf("%d",&num2);
printf("Enter third number\t:"); First number 12 is greatest
scanf("%d",&num3);
if((num1>=num2) && (num1>=num3))
{ Output
printf("\nFirst number %d is greatest",num1);
Enter first number :25
}
else if((num2>=num1) && (num2>=num3))
Enter second number :-98
{ Enter third number :87
printf("\nSecond number %d is greatest",num2);
} Third number 87 is greatest
else if((num3>=num1) && (num3>=num2))
{
printf("\nThird number %d is greatest",num3);
}
return 0;
} SKASC 31
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ELSE IF LADDER
#include<stdio.h> else if(marks>=65){
int main() printf("B Grade");
{ }
int marks;
printf(" Enter the marks for C
else if(marks>=50){
Programming:\n"); printf("C Grade");
scanf("%d",&marks); }
if(marks>=95){ else if(marks>=40){
printf("O Grade");
printf("P Grade");
}
else if(marks>=85){ }
printf("S Grade"); else{
} printf("Fail");
else if(marks>=75){ }
printf("A Grade");
return 0;
}
}
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 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Summary

❖ A C program is a set of statements which are normally

executed sequentially in order in which they appear.
❖ Decision-making statements are used to control the flow
of execution, they are also known as control statements.
❖ The ‘if’ statement is a powerful decision-making
statement used to control the flow of execution of
statements.
❖ If the test expression is true, the statement-block will be
executed; otherwise the statement-block will be skipped
and the execution will jump to the statement-x.

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 18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

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