Lecture 9

18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Topics Covered
• Introduction
• The while loop
• The do-while statement
• The for statement
SKASC 1
INTRODUCTION
• Loop statements are used to perform repetitive processes
without the use of goto statements.
• Loop control statements change execution from its normal
sequence.
• A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of
statements multiple times
• A program loop consists of two segments:
• Body of the loop
• Control statement
SKASC 2
INTRODUCTION
• The control statement tests certain conditions and then
directs the repeated execution of the statements
contained in the body of the loop.
• Depending on the position of the control statements in the
loop, a control structure may classify in to two types.
– Entry-controlled loop
– Exit-controlled loop
SKASC 3
Entry-controlled loop
• In this loop, the control conditions are tested before

the start of the loop execution.
• If the conditions are not satisfied, then the body of
the loop will not be executed.
• Otherwise it is called as pre-test loop.
SKASC 4
Exit-controlled loop
• In this loop, the test is performed at end of the body

of the loop and therefore the body is executed
unconditionally for the first time.
• Another name for Exit-controlled loop is post-test loop.
SKASC 5
Steps in Looping Process
• A looping process includes the following four steps:

– Setting and initialization of a condition variable
– Execution of the statements in the loop
– Test for a specified value of the condition variable for
execution of the loop
– Incrementing or updating the condition variable
SKASC 6
Flow Chart - Loops
SKASC 7
Decision Making and Looping
• The decision making and looping statements in C are as

follows:
• The while statement
• The do statement
• The for statement
SKASC 8
THE WHILE STATEMENT
• The while is an entry-controlled loop statement.
• Syntax:
while(test-condition)
{
body of the loop
}
SKASC 9
THE WHILE STATEMENT
• The test-condition is evaluated and if the condition is

true, then the body of the loop will be executed.
• After execution of the body, the test-condition is once
again evaluated and if it is true, the body is executed
once again.
SKASC 10
THE WHILE STATEMENT
• This process of repeated execution of the body

continues until the test-condition finally becomes
false and the control is transferred out of the loop.
• The body of the loop may have one or more statements.
The braces are need only if the body contains two or
more statements.
SKASC 11
THE WHILE STATEMENT
Display the numbers from 1 to 10 using while loop.

#include<stdio.h>
int main() Output
1
{ int num=1; 2
while(num<=10) 3
{ 4
5
printf(“%d\n”,num);
6
num++; 7
} 8
} 9
10
SKASC 12
THE DO- WHILE STATEMENT
• The do-while is an exit controlled loop.

• On reaching the do statement, the program proceeds to
evaluate the body of the loop first.
• At the end of the loop, the test-condition in the while
statement is evaluated.
• If the condition is true, the program continues to
evaluate the body of the loop once again.
• This process continues as long as the condition is true.
SKASC 13
• Syntax:
do
{
body of the loop
}
while (test-condition);
SKASC 14
SKASC 15
Display the numbers from 1 to 10 using

do- while loop.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num=1;
do
{
printf("%d\n",num);
num++;
} while(num<=10);
return 0;
}
SKASC 16
FOR STATEMENT
• The ‘for’ loop is another entry-controlled loop.

• It is used when an action is to be repeated for a
specified number of times.
Syntax:
for (initialization; test-condition; increment)

{
Body of the loop
}
SKASC 17
FOR STATEMENT
• The execution of the for statement is as follows:

• The initialization of the control variable is done first,
using assignment statements such as i=1 and count=0.
• The variables i and count are known as loop-control
variables.
• The value of the control variable is tested using the
test-condition.
• The test condition is a relational expression such as
i<0
SKASC 18
FOR STATEMENT
• If the test condition is true, the body of the loop is

executed; otherwise the loop is terminated and the
execution continues with the statement that immediately
follows loop.
• When the body of the loop is executed the control is
transferred back to the for statement after evaluating
the last statement in the loop.
SKASC 19
Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
for (i = 1; i <=10; i++)
{
printf("%d ", i);
}
return 0;
}
SKASC 20
FOR STATEMENT
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int sum=0,i;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
sum= sum+i;
}
printf("\n Sum of 1 to 10 numbers is %d", sum);
return 0;
} SKASC 21
Program to print natural number in
reverse in given range

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, start, end;
/* Input start and end limit from user */
printf("Enter starting value: ");
scanf("%d", &start);
printf("Enter end value: ");
scanf("%d", &end);
/*
* Run loop from 'start' to 'end' and
* decrement by 1 in each iteration
*/
for(i=start; i>=end; i--)
{
printf("%d\n", i);
}
return 0;
}
SKASC 22
FOR STATEMENT
Example: - Program to print alphabets from a-z

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char ch;
printf("Alphabets from a - z are: \n");
for(ch='a'; ch<='z'; ch++)
{
printf("%c\n", ch);
}
return 0;
}
SKASC 23
FOR STATEMENT
• Additional features of for loop

• The ‘for’ loop in c has several capabilities that are not
found in other loop constructs.
• For example we can initialize more than one variables
at a time in the ‘for’ statement.
p=1;
for(n=0;n<17;++n) can be written as
for(p=1,n=0;n<17;++n)
SKASC 24
FOR STATEMENT
• Here the initialization section has two parts p=1 and
n=1 are separated by comma.
• Like the initialization section, the increment section
may also have more than one part.
SKASC 25
FOR STATEMENT
• The multiple arguments in the increment section are

separated by commas.
• Example:
for(n=1,m=50;n<=m;n=n+1,m=m-1)
{
p=m/n;
printf(“%d %d %d\n”,n,m,p);
}
SKASC 26
FOR STATEMENT
• The third feature is that the test-condition may have

any compound relation and the testing need not
be limited only to the loop control variable.
• Example: sum=0;
for(i=1;i<20&&sum<100;++i)
{
sum=sum+1;
printf(“%d %d\n”,i,sum);
}
SKASC 27
FOR STATEMENT
• And also permissible to use expression in the

assignment statements of initialization and increment
sections.
Example:
for(x=(m+n)/2;x>0;x=x/2)
• Another unique aspect of for loop is that one or more

sections can be omitted, if necessary.
SKASC 28
FOR STATEMENT
Example:
m=5
for(;m!=100;)
{
printf(“%d\n”,m);
m=m+5 ;
}
SKASC 29
FOR STATEMENT
Nesting of for loop:
A for loop can be nested with in another for loop.
Example:
for(i=1;i<10;++i)
{ ----------------
for(j=1;j!=5;++j)
{ ------------
}
}
SKASC 30
FOR STATEMENT
• The nesting may continue up to any desired
level.
• The loop should be properly indented so as to
enable the reader to easily determine which
statements are contained with in each for statement.
SKASC 31
Exercises
1. Write a C program to print the Fibanocci series.
2. Write a C program to print the Factorial of a given
number using while loop.
3. Write a C program to find the sum of n number using
while loop.
SKASC 32
Summary
❖ The control statement tests certain conditions and then
directs the repeated execution of the statements contained in
the body of the loop.
❖ A control structure may classify in to two types.
❖ Entry-controlled loop
❖ Exit-controlled loop
❖ The test-condition is evaluated and if the condition is true,
then the body of the loop will be executed.
❖ On reaching the do statement, the program proceeds to
evaluate the body of the loop first. At the end of the loop, the
test-condition in the while statement
SKASC is evaluated. 33
SKASC 34

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18CSS26 & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• In this loop, the control conditions are tested before

• In this loop, the test is performed at end of the body

Steps in Looping Process

• A looping process includes the following four steps:

Flow Chart - Loops

Decision Making and Looping

• The decision making and looping statements in C are as

THE WHILE STATEMENT

• The while is an entry-controlled loop statement.

THE WHILE STATEMENT

• The test-condition is evaluated and if the condition is

THE WHILE STATEMENT

• This process of repeated execution of the body

THE WHILE STATEMENT

Display the numbers from 1 to 10 using while loop.

THE DO- WHILE STATEMENT

• The do-while is an exit controlled loop.

THE DO- WHILE STATEMENT

THE DO- WHILE STATEMENT

Display the numbers from 1 to 10 using

• The ‘for’ loop is another entry-controlled loop.

for (initialization; test-condition; increment)

• The execution of the for statement is as follows:

• If the test condition is true, the body of the loop is

reverse in given range

Example: - Program to print alphabets from a-z

• Additional features of for loop

• Here the initialization section has two parts p=1 and

n=1 are separated by comma.

• Like the initialization section, the increment section

may also have more than one part.

• The multiple arguments in the increment section are

• The third feature is that the test-condition may have

• And also permissible to use expression in the

• Another unique aspect of for loop is that one or more

• The nesting may continue up to any desired

• The loop should be properly indented so as to

enable the reader to easily determine which

statements are contained with in each for statement.

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