Power System Stability

Power System Stability

Power system is defined as a network of one or more
generating units, loads and power transmission lines
including the associated equipments connected to it.

The stability of a power system is its ability to develop

restoring forces equal to or greater than the disturbing forces
to maintain the state of equilibrium.

Power system stability problem gets more pronounced in

case of interconnection of large power networks.

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 Definition
A Proposed Definition by IEEE

“Power system stability is the ability of an electric power

system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain

a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to

a physical disturbance, with most system variables

bounded so that practically the entire system remains

intact.”

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 Classification of stability
Classification is based on the following considerations:
physical nature of the resulting instability

size of the disturbance considered

processes, and the time span involved

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 Steady State Stability
Ability to regain normal and stable operation after being
subjected to gradual or slow change in the load.

Load is assume to be applied at a rate which is slow.

System is Analysis by the set of linear equation.

Action of Voltage regulators and turbine governors are not

included.

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 Transient Stability
Ability to regain normal and stable operation after being
subjected to sudden & large changes in the load.

Losses-generator excitation, transmission, switching

operations and faults.

Linearization of system equation is not permitted.

Studied on the basis of swing.

Action of Voltage regulators and turbine governor are not

included.

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 Dynamic Stability
Same as steady state stability

Included action of turbine governors and voltage regulators.

Study time is 4-10 sec

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 Swing Equation
The figure below shows the torque, speed and flow of
mechanical and electrical powers in a synchronous machine.

The differential equation governing the rotor dynamics can

then be written as m= angle in rad (mech)
Tm=mechanical torque in Nm;
Te= electromagnetic torque developed in Nm;

Multiplying both sides by sm we can write

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Let rotor angular displacement from synchronously rotating
reference frame (called torque angle/power angle)

swing equation
 Synchronous Machine Models for Stability Studies
 The simplest model for stability analysis is the classical model,
where the machine is represented by a constant voltage E' behind
the direct axis transient reactance Xd‘
 Consider a generator connected to an infinite bus (sub-station)
through a transmission line as shown below.
 The node representing the generator terminal voltage Vg can be
eliminated by converting the Y-connected impedances to an
equivalent ▲ with admittances given by
 The nodal equations can be given as

 In terms of admittance matrix

 The real power at node 1 is given as

 For an inductive network, all resistances are neglected hence 11 and
12 are 90°, hence the above equation become
 The relation shows that the power transmitted depends upon the
transfer reactance and the angle between the two voltages.
 The curve P versus is known as the power angle curve and is
shown below
 The gradual increase of the generator power output is possible
until the maximum electrical power is transferred. This maximum
power is referred to as the steady- state stability limit, and occurs
at an angular displacement of 90°.
 Steady state stability-small disturbances
 The swing equation can be put as follows-non linear function of
power angle; but can be linearized for small change in 

 Consider a small deviation  in power angle from the initial

operating point 0, i.e.
 Since at the initial condition

 Then

 The quantity Pmaxcos0 is the slope of the power-angle curve at 0.

 It is known as the synchronizing coefficient, denoted by Ps.

 The solution of the above second-order differential equation

depends on the roots of the characteristic equation given by
 When Ps is negative, we have one root in the right-half s-plane,
and the response is exponentially increasing and stability is lost.
 When Ps is positive, we have two roots on the j-w axis, and the
motion is oscillatory and un damped.
 The system is marginally stable with a natural frequency of
oscillation given by

 If damping is considered, the linearized swing equation becomes

  In terms of the standard SODE

 The characteristics equation is

 The roots of the characteristics equation are

 Transient stability-Equal area criterion
 The transient stability studies involve the determination of whether
or not synchronism is maintained after the machine has been
subjected to severe disturbance.
 This may be sudden application of load, loss of generation, loss of
large load, or a fault on the system.
 In most disturbances, oscillations are of such magnitude that
linearization is not permissible and the nonlinear swing equation
must be solved.
 A graphical based solution method known as the equal-area criterion
can be used for a quick prediction of stability.
 Consider a synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus. The
swing equation with damping neglected as given by:
 The above equation gives the relative speed of the machine with
respect to the synchronously revolving reference frame.
 For stability, this speed must become zero at some time after the
disturbance.
 Consider the machine operating at the equilibrium point 0,
corresponding to the mechanical power input Pmo = Peo as shown
below.
 Consider a sudden step increase in input power represented by the
horizontal line Pm1.
 Since Pm1 > Peo, the accelerating power on the rotor is positive and
the power angle  increases.
 The excess energy stored in the rotor during the initial acceleration
is
 Application to sudden increase in power input
 Applying equal area criterion

 Transient stability limit

 The solution to the non-linear equation can be obtained using NR
iterative process as
Thanks