DT 311.

CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATE AND SCALE MODELING

Lesson 1: HISTORY OF CONCRETE
 “My Word,
Your Thoughts”
EXCEL
ESTIMATE
AVERAGE
SPREADSHEET
"Excel-lent"
“History of Concrete"
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able
to:
1. Determine the origin of concrete and deepen
the knowledge towards concrete and its proportion
2. Recognize the importance of knowing the
history of concrete proportion and its implications
nowadays.
3. Create a reflection journal about the
importance of concrete and its proportion in
construction.
Concrete
• Was invented in about 1300 BC
• This wasn’t concrete, but it was the beginning of
the development of cement.
• Early cementicious composite materials typically
included mortar-crushed, burned limestone, sand
and water, which was used for building with stone
Early Use of Concrete
• The first concrete-like structures were built by the
Nabataea traders
• In making concrete, the Nabataea understood the
need to keep the mix as dry or low-slump as
possible, as excess water introduces voids and
weaknesses into the concrete.
• Their building practices included tamping the
freshly placed concrete with special tools
 In the 19th century, the invention of Portland
cement by Joseph Aspdin further advanced the use
of concrete in construction. This cement, when
mixed with water, sand, and aggregate, forms the
basis of modern concrete.
21st Century Concrete Evolution
Proportion of
Concrete
Proportion of Concrete
The most common proportion for general use
concrete is:
Cement: 10-15%
Water: 15-20%
Aggregates (sand and gravel): 60-75%
Admixtures: Small percentage (if needed)
NOTE: :
The exact proportions may vary depending on factors such
as the desired strength, workability, and setting time of the
concrete. It is essential to follow recommended guidelines
and consult with professionals when mixing concrete for
construction projects.
Implications of Concrete
and Proportion in
Modern Construction:
 In modern construction, concrete remains
one of the most widely used building
materials due to its versatility, durability, and
cost-effectiveness. The implications of
concrete and proper proportioning in
construction today are significant:
Strength and Durability:
Correctly proportioned concrete ensures the
structural integrity and longevity of buildings
and infrastructure. Proper mix design with the
right ratios of cement, water, and aggregates
is essential to achieve the required strength
for various applications.
Sustainability:
Concrete production accounts for a significant
portion of global carbon emissions. By
optimizing concrete proportions and
incorporating sustainable practices like using
recycled materials or supplementary
cementitious materials, construction projects
can reduce their environmental impact.
Innovation:
Advances in concrete technology have led to
the development of high-performance
concrete mixes that offer enhanced strength,
durability, and workability. New additives and
admixtures are being used to improve
concrete properties and tailor mixes to
specific project requirements.
Efficiency:
Properly proportioned concrete mixes
contribute to construction efficiency by
ensuring consistency and quality in building
materials. This can result in reduced
construction time, lower maintenance costs,
and improved overall project outcomes.
Versatility:
Concrete can be adapted to suit a wide range
of construction needs, from high-rise buildings
to transportation infrastructure. The ability to
adjust proportions and incorporate additives
allows for customization based on
performance requirements and environmental
conditions.
 ACTIVITY
Exploring Concrete
Proportion History
1 Mechanics
st
• This is group activity each group must have 5
members each.
• I will give you a handouts that contains about
the history of concrete proportion.
• You must take notes and highlights important
ideas for because you will use it in the
presenatation.
2 Mechanics
nd
• Present your research findings to the group.
• Discuss and present implications of historical
concrete proportions on modern construction
practices.
 CATEGORIES 5 4 3 2
All of the guide Only two (2) of the guide Only one (1) of the guide
The student presented an
instructions were done instructions were done instructions were done
idea, but the instructions
correctly, and the correctly, and the correctly, but the
somehow not done
information was all information is mostly information is not all
ACCURACY properly.
accurate. accurate. accurate.

Only 75% of the Only 50% of the Below 30% of the

All the requirements has
requirements has been requirements has been requirements has been
been achieved within the
achieved within the achieved within the achieved within the
timeframe.
TIMELINESS timeframe. timeframe. timeframe.

Presenters showed
Presenters showed preparedness upon Presenters show a bit of Presenters do not show
preparedness upon presentation but had to preparedness upon preparedness and exert
presentation. repeat from the start due presentation. effort at all.
PREPAREDNESS to some reason.
Quiz time
Quiz time
Assignment
Research about the types of concrete
proportion. List down all the salient
points.

REFERENCE: