IPE-409 CAD/CAM

Dr. Nafis Ahmad

Professor
Department of IPE, BUET

Copy right: Dr. Nafis Ahmad, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology, Nov. 2013
Techniques for Geometric
Modelling
Chapter-3
Turbine Blades
Techniques for Geometric Modelling
• Representation of curves
– Parametric representation of geometry,
Parametric cubic polynomial curves, Bézier
curves
– Multi-variable curve fitting, Cubic spline curves,
Rational curves
• Techniques for surface modelling
– Surface patch, The Coons patch, icubic patch
– Bézier surafces, B-Spline surface
• Techniques for volume modelling
– Boundary models, Constructive solid geometry
– Other modelling techniques
 Representation of curves
• Mathematically straightforward geometries are curves
and their representations are most complete. Surfaces
are extension of curves
• Why we need alternative geometric representation to
classical ones?
y=mx + c .............1
ax+by+c=0 ...........2
ax.x+by.y+2kxy+2fx+2gy+d=0 ..............3

Problems??
 Cont..
y=mx + c .............1
ax+by+c=0 ...........2
ax.x+by.y+2kxy+2fx+2gy+d=0 ..............3

value of m
unbounded geometry,
Multi-valued
Sequence of points not available
Equation changes with coordinate system
Other factors: difficulties in faired shapes representation,
intersections between solid or surfaces
 Cont..

Aero foil and Intersection of two cylinders

So What to do?
Parametric Representation of geometry
• The parametric representation of geometry essentially
involves expressing relationships for the x, y and z
coordinates of points on a curve or surface or a solid not in
terms of each other but of one or more independent
variables known as parameters.
– For curve a single parameter is used: x, y and z are express in terms
of a single variable typically u
– For surface two parameters u and v
– For solid three parameters u, v and w
 Cont..
Position of any point on a space curve can be
expressed as
p = p(u)
which is same as x=x(u), y= (u), and z=z(u)
Cont..
Parametric cubic polynomial curves
• Vector form
p= p(u) = k0 + k1u1 + k2u2 + k3u3
Parametric cubic polynomial curves
• Hermit cubic form
Parametric cubic polynomial curves
• Hermit cubic form-Blending functions
Parametric cubic polynomial curves
• Bezier cubic form: Control polygon,
approximated, degree less one than
vertices. In case of cubic bezeir curve:
Parametric cubic polynomial curves
• Bezier cubic form
Parametric cubic polynomial curves
• Bezier cubic form-Blending
functions & other examples
• Passes through first and last
point
• Curve lies in the convex hull:
minimum convex region
enclosing control points
Parametric cubic polynomial curves
Parametric cubic polynomial curves
• General considerations
– Global and Local modification of curves
– Degree of continuity: 1st derivative, 2nd derivative,
• Cubic Spline Curve,
• B-spline curve,
• Rational Curves
Parametric cubic polynomial curves
• Cubic Spline Curve: Composite
curve with boundary condition of
continuity in first and second
derivatives at intermediate points.
• B-spline curve,
• Rational Curves

• What is NURBS?
 Parametric polynomial curves
• B-spline curve: Pass
through start and
end points,
tangential to the
first and last vector.
Its generalization of
Bezeir curves
 Parametric polynomial curves
• Rational polynomials: can represent
conic, more general quadric function,
various polynomial types
 Parametric polynomial curves
• Rational polynomials: can represent conic,
more general quadric function, various
polynomial types
• What is NURBS? Non-uniform rational B-
splines(NURBS) can represent non-rational
B-spline, Bezeir curves, linear and quadric
analytic curves and can also be used for
interpolating or approximating mode
Parametric cubic polynomial curves
• Blending functions for Hermit and Bezier
curve. (Draw and note the differences)
• Advantages of Bezier curve over Hermit curve
• Examples of Hermit and Bezier curve
• Local modification vs Global modification
• Modelling faired shapes found in aircraft and
ships
 Surface Modelling
• General form of surface modelling
• Surface patch
• The Coons patch/sculptured surface
• Bi-cubic patch
• Bezier surface
 Surface Modelling
• General form of surface modelling
• Surface patch
 Surface Modelling
• General form of surface modelling
• Surface patch
• The Coons patch/sculptured surface
• Bicubic patch
• Bezier surface
 Volume Modelling
• Boundary models/Representation/Graph
based model
• CSG
• Other modelling techniques
– Pure primitive instancing (for part family,
geometrically, topologically similar not
dimensionally similar)
– Cell decomposition-use in FEA
– Special occupancy enumeration
 B-Rep
• Ensures geometric and topological consistency
– Faces bounded by single loop
– Each edge should adjoin exactly two faces and
have a vertex at each end
– At least three edges should meet at each vertex
– Euler’s rule: V - E + F = 2
– Euler-Poincare formula V – E + F – H + 2P = 2B
B-Rep
B-Rep
CSG
 Other Solid Modeling Techniques
• Pure primitive instancing
• Cell decomposition
• Spatial occupancy enumeration
Thank You