Operating System –Class II

UNIT I
UNIT I OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW 7
Computer System Overview-Basic Elements, Instruction Execution,
Interrupts, Memory Hierarchy, Cache Memory, Direct Memory Access,
Multiprocessor and Multicore Organization.
Operating system overview-objectives and functions, Evolution of
Operating System. - Computer System Organization Operating System
Structure and Operations- System Calls, System Programs, OS
Generation and System Boot.
 Interrupt
• All computers allows a mechanism by which other modules such as
I/O, memory etc., may interrupt the normal sequencing of the
processor.
• Interrupts are for improving the processor utilization.
• An interrupt is a signal emitted by hardware or software when a
process or an event needs immediate attention.
• It alerts the processor to a high-priority process requiring interruption
of the current working process.
 Classes of Interrupts
• Program
• Generated by some conditions that occur as a result of an instruction
execution such as arithmetic overflow, division by zero error, attempt to
execute illegal machine instructions, memory out of bound index etc.,
• Timer
• Generated by a timer inside the processor.
• I/O
• Generated by I/O controller.
• Hardware Failure
• Generated by failure such as power failure or memory parity error.
Program flow with and without interrupt control
 Description

• Solid vertical lines

• Segments of code in a program

• Code segments numbered 1,2 and 3

• Sequence of instructions which do not involve any I/O operations

• WRITE
• Calls to an I/O routine that performs I/O Operations.
 I/O Programs
1. Sequence of instructions labeled 4 are to prepare for the I/O
Operations.
1. Copying the data to the buffer
2. Setting the printing parameters
2. Actual I/O Command
1. User program has to wait during this period.
3. Sequence of instructions labeled 5 to complete the I/O Operation
1. Setting the flag to indicate the success or failure of the operation.
 Interrupts and Interrupts cycle
• Interrupt Request Signal
• Interrupt Handler
• Instruction Cycle (Interrupt stage)
Program Timing : Short I/O