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Footings Design
Footings Design
Concrete Foundation
1
Design of Reinforced Concrete
Foundation
Required Lectures 3
Lecture Goals
• Footing Classification
• Footing Design
Footing
Definition
Footings are structural members used to support
columns and walls and to transmit and distribute
their loads to the soil in such a way that the load
bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded,
excessive settlement, differential settlement,or
rotation are prevented and adequate safety
against overturning or sliding is maintained.
Footing
Footings must be designed to prevent bearing
failure, sliding and overturning
Footings must be designed to prevent
excessive settlement or tilting
Typically, bottom of footing must be located
below frost line
Excavation may be required to reach a depth
where satisfactory bearing material is
located
5
Footings
Types of Footings
9
Types of Footing
Combined footings usually
support two columns, or three
columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used
when two columns are so close
that single footings cannot be
used or when one column is
located at or near a property
line.
Types of Footing
Continuous footings
support a row of three or
more columns. They have
limited width and continue
under all columns.
Types of Footing
Rafted or mat foundation
consists of one footing usually
placed under the entire building
area. They are used, when soil
bearing capacity is low, column
loads are heavy single footings
cannot be used, piles are not used
and differential settlement must
be reduced.
Mat Footing
Mat or raft foundation – continuous concrete
slab supporting many columns; soil strength
relatively low; large column loads; isolated
spread footings would cover more than 50
percent of area; reduce differential
settlement
14
Types of Footing
16
Soil Pressure
Column
Footing
(Square)
qmin qmax
Stresses Under a Footing
P My
q
A I
• P = vertical load (+ compression)
• A = area of contact surface between the soil and the
footing
• I = moment of inertia of this area
• M = moment about the centroidal axis
• y = distance from the centroidal axis to the point where
you want to calculate the stresses
• This assumes that the loads are at or near the center of
the footing
P
M
P/A
My/I
Design of Combined Footing
Limitations
• M = P e, where e =
eccentricity
• Maximum e for this to
be a valid analysis is
when qmin = 0
• Load must be within
the kern L/6 L/6
• ek = L/6
L
Distribution of Soil Pressure
What can we do ?
Maximum Allowable Soil
Pressure
(McCormac, 2001)
Soil Description Allowable
Rock 20% of ultimate
Compact sand or hard clay 8 ksf
Medium stiff or sandy clay 6 ksf
Compact sand and silt mix 4 ksf
Loose sand 3 ksf
Soft sandy clay or clay 2 ksf
Loose sand and silt mix 1 ksf
Muck or mud 0 ksf
Footing
Support structural members and transfer
loads to the soil
Structural members are usually columns or
walls
Design for load transfer to soil uses
unfactored loads
Structural design of footing is done with
factored loads
30
Size of Footing
Pu
qu
area of footing
General Requirements for Footing Design
37
Isolated Footings
Column
Footing
(Square)
q, soil pressure
Design of Isolated Square Footings
Constant thickness
39
Design of Isolated Square Footings
Stepped
40
Design of Isolated Square Footings
Tapered
41
Critical Sections for Bending
Square Footing Under Load
One-way Shear
Same as for wall footings d
Vu
2 f c' bw
45
One-way Shear
46
Two-way Shear
ACI Code Section 11.11.1.2 states that critical
section is at a distance d/2 from face of
support
47
Two-way Shear
48
Two-way Shear
49
Two-way Shear
51
Flexural Design – Isolated Square
Footings
Flexural reinforcement is required in two
directions
The values of d for the layers of steel in
the two directions will be different
For square footings, design using the value of
d for the upper layer is typical
For square footings supporting non-square
columns, moments are larger in the
shorter direction of the column
52
Flexural Design – Isolated Square
Footings
Reinforcing steel areas required to resist
moment are often less than minimum
required steel: A
200
bd
s ,min w
fy
3 f c'
As ,min bw d
fy
Code Section 10.5.4 states that minimum
area and maximum spacing need only be
equal to values required for temperature
and shrinkage steel
53
Flexural Design – Isolated Square
Footings
Maximum steel spacing may not exceed three
times the footing thickness or 18 in.
54
Load Transfer from Column to
Footing
All forces at the base of the column must be
transferred to the footing
55
Load Transfer from Column to
Footing
Columns transfer loads directly over the area
of the column
57
Load Transfer from Column to
Footing
Definition of A1 and A2
A1 is the area of the column
60
Excess Bearing Load
61
Development Length for Dowels
62
Splice Length for Dowels
ACI Code does not permit splicing of No 14 or
No 18 bars
ACI Code Section 15.8.2.3 does permit No 14
or No 18 bars to be spliced to No 11 (or
larger) dowels in footings
These dowels must extend into the column
not less than the development length for
the No 14 or No 18 bar, or the
compression lap splice length for the
dowels, whichever is larger
63
Splice Length for Dowels
64
Insufficient Development or
Splice Length
Use a larger number of smaller dowels
65
Column Uplift
66
Isolated Rectangular Footings
67
Isolated Rectangular Footings
ACI Code Section 15.4.4.2
Reinforcement in band width 2
Reinforcement in short direction 1
is the ratio of the length of the footing in
the long direction to the length in the
short direction
Remaining steel is distributed uniformly
throughout the two portions of the
footing outside the band
68
Isolated Rectangular Footings
69
Footing Design Examples
70
Example 1
Design a square column footing for a 16-in.
square tied interior column that supports
loads of D = 200 k and L = 160 k. The
column is reinforced with eight No 8 bars,
the bottom of the footing is 5 foot below
final grade, the soil weighs 100 lb/ft3 the
allowable soil pressure is 5 ksf. The
concrete strength is 3,000 psi and the
steel is Grade 60.
71
Example 1
Assume a footing thickness of 24 in. with a
minimum cover of 3 in., this gives a d value
of about 19.5 in. Compute the footing
weight and Footing weight
soil weight:
24 in
150 300 psf
12 in/ft
Soil weight
36 in
100 300 psf
12 in/ft
72
Example 1
Effective soil pressure and required area of
footing:
qe 5000 psf 300 psf 300 psf 4400 psf
200 k 160 k
A 81.82 ft 2
4.40 ksf
Use 9 ft x 9 ft
73
Example 1
Factored bearing pressure for design of
concrete:
74
Example 1
Depth required to resist punching shear:
bo 4(16 19.5) 142 in
Vu 2 81.0 ft 2.96 ft
2 2
6.12 442.09 k
442, 090 lb
d 18.95 in 19.5 in Ok
0.75 4 3000 psi 142 in
442, 090 lb
d
40 19.5 in
0.75 2 3000 psi 142 in
142 in
10.12 in 19.5 in Ok
75
Example 1
76
Example 1
Depth required to resist one-way shear:
77
Example 1
Flexural design
Mu 404 k-ft
2 2
Mu
12 in/ft 404, 000 lb-ft
131.2 psi
bd 0.9 108 in 19.5 in
2 2
78
Example 1
Appendix Table 4.12, = 0.00225 < min
200
0.0033
60, 000 psi
3 3000 psi
0.00274
60, 000 psi
As 0.0033108 in 19.5 in 6.95 in 2
79
Example 1
Development length:
t e s 1
cb bottom cover 3.5 in
cb one-half center-to-center bar spacing 6 in
cb K tr 3.5 in 0
3.5 Use 2.5
db 1.0 in
80
Example 1
d 3 f y t e s
db 40 f c cb K tr
'
db
3 60, 000 1
32.86 diameters
40 3000 2.5
d As ,required 6.95 in 2
32.86 2
32.30 diameters
db As , provided 7.07 in
d 32.30 1.0 in 32.30 in
81
Example 1
Available length for development
82
Example 2
Design for load transfer for the column and
footing in Example 1. The strength of the
sand-lightweight concrete (different from
Example 1) in the column is 4 ksi.
83
Example 2
Bearing force at the column base:
1.2 200 k 1.6 160 k 496 k
566 k 496 k Ok
84
Example 2
6.75 Use 2
force in the 16 in
2
footing
concrete: A2
0.85 f A1
c
'
A1
0.65 0.85 3 ksi 16 in 2
2
848.6 k 496 k Ok
Minimum dowel area:
0.005 16 in 1.28 in 2
2
85
Example 2
86
Example 2
87
Example 3
Design for load transfer for a 14-in. square
column to a 13 ft square footing if Pu =
800 k. Normal weight concrete is used in
both the column and the footing. The
concrete in the column is 5 ksi and in the
footing is 3 ksi. The column is reinforced
with eight No 8 bars.
88
Example 3
Bearing force at the column base = 800 k
89
Example 3
90
Example 3
91
Example 3
92
Example 3
93
Example 4
Design a rectangular footing for an 18-in.
interior square column for D = 185 k and
L = 150 k. The long side of the footing
should be twice the length of the short
side. The normal weight concrete
strength for both the column and the
footing is 4 ksi. The allowable soil
pressure is 4000 psf and the bottom of
the footing is 5 ft below grade.
94
Example 4
Assume a footing thickness of 24 in. with a
minimum cover of 3 in., this gives a d value
of about 19.5 in. Compute the footing
weight and Footing weight
soil weight:
24 in
150 300 psf
12 in/ft
Soil weight
60-24 in
100 300 psf
12 in/ft
95
Example 4
Effective soil pressure and required area of
footing:
qe 4000 psf 300 psf 300 psf 3400 psf
185 k 150 k
A 98.5 ft 2
3.40 ksf
Use a footing 7'-0" x 14'-0" A 98.0 ft 2
1.2 185 k 1.6 150 k
qu 2
4.71 ksf
98.0 ft
96
Example 4
Depth required to resist one-way shear. Take
b = 7 ft.
Vu1 7 ft 4.625 ft 4.71 ksf 152.49 k
152, 490 lb
d 19.14 in
0.75 1 2 4000 psi 84 in
h 19.14 4.5 in 23.64 in
97
Example 4
98
Example 4
Depth required to resist punching shear:
bo 4 18 19.5 in 150 in
Vu 2 98.0 ft 2 3.125 ft
2
4.71 ksf 415.58 k
415,580 lb
d 14.60 in 19.5 in Ok
0.75 1 4 4000 psi 150 in
415,580 lb
d
40 19.5 in
0.75 2 4000 psi 150 in
150 in
8.11 in 19.5 in Ok
99
Example 4
100
Example 4
Flexural design (steel in long direction)
14 ft 9 in
6.25 ft
2 12 in/ft
6.25 ft
M u 6.25 ft 7 ft 4.71 ksf 643.9 k-ft
2
Mu
12 in/ft 643,900 lb-ft
268.8 psi
bd 0.9 84 in 19.5 in
2 2
101
Example 4
Appendix Table 4.13, = 0.00467
As 0.00467 84 in 19.5 in 7.65 in 2
102
Example 4
Flexural design (steel in short direction)
7 ft 9 in
2.75 ft
2 12 in/ft
2.75 ft
M u 2.75 ft 14 ft 4.71 ksf 249.3 k-ft
2
Mu
12 in/ft 249,300 lb-ft
52.0 psi
bd 0.9 168 in 19.5 in
2 2
104
Example 4
105
Example 4
106
Concluded