RADAR

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RADAR

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 RADAR
•

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 RADARS

Make you Visible

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 Echolocation & Prey Detection

• Bats have the ability to navigate and catch i

nsects even in total darkness.

But

• bats do not have a sensitive auditory sense n

or an outstanding smell nor a sharp vision.
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What are the reasons for these?

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 Bats
• In fact, bats have the complicated structure
of ears which can emit pulses of high-frequ
ency sounds that are reflected back as echos
to a bat's ears from surrounding surfaces, in
dicating the position, relative distance, and
even the character of objects in its environm
ent.

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1. Bat sends out pulses of high-frequency sound.
2. Sound bounces off insect in bat’s path and returns to bat.
3. Bat may alter course as it repeats pulses.
4. Bat uses pattern of echoes to determine how close insects i
s.
5. With continual feedback, bat homes it on prey and capture
s a meal.

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• Human beings also have one thing, which is
more powerful than bats’ ears.

What’s it ?

That is radar.
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 First Practical Radar

• In 1935, Sir Robert Watson-Watt, a British

physicist, invented a practical radar system,
which helped England withstand the
German Nazis’ attack and fulfilled an
indelible function during the World War II.

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 Sir Robert Watson-Watt
• British physicist

• produced the first practical radar system in

1935

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 Sir Robert Watson-Watt

• His work gave the British a head start in

this important technology, and by 1939 they
had established a chain of radar stations
along the south and east coasts of England
to detect aggressors in the air or on the sea.

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 What is a Radar
• an electronic system

• used to locate objects beyond the range of

vision, and to determine their distance by
projecting radio waves against them.

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 Introduction of Radar
• radar is derived from the phrase "radio
detection and ranging,"

• the name used by the U.S. and its allies

during World War II for a variety of devices
concerned with radio detection and position
finding.

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 Principle
• All radar systems employ a high-frequency
radio transmitter to send out a beam of
electromagnetic waves, ranging in
wavelength from a few centimeters to about
1 m (about 3 ft).
• Distant objects in the path of the beam
reflect these waves back to the transmitter.

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 A typical radar scene
•

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 Development
• Basic concepts of radar are based on the la
ws of radio-wave reflection

• In 1864, the British physicist James Clerk

Maxwell developed the equations governin
g the behaviour of electromagnetic waves.

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 Heinrich Hertz

• In 1886 the German physicist Heinrich

Hertz demonstrated these principles in
experiments.

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 Radio Echoes
• In 1904 the German engineer Christian Hue
lsmeyer - first proposed the use of radio ech
oes in a detecting device designed to avoid
collisions in marine navigation.

• In 1922 Guglielmo Marconi, Italian invento

r, suggested a similar device in 1922.
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 Ionosphere
• In 1924, the British physicist Sir Edward
Victor Appleton used radio echoes to
determine the height of the ionosphere.

• The first successful radio range-finding

experiment .

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 First Practical Radar
• In 1935, the British physicist Sir Robert
Watson-Watt produced the first practical
radar system.
• In 1939 a chain of radar stations were
established along the south and east coasts
of England to detect aggressors in the air or
on the sea.

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 Chain Home Radar
•

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 Chain Home Low Radar
•

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 Magnetron
• In 1939 an electron tube called the
resonant-cavity magnetron was invented by
the physicist Henry Boot and biophysicist
John T. Randall.
• It is capable of generating high-frequency
radio pulses with a large amount of power.
• Start the development of the microwave
radar
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 Microwave radar
• Microwave radar, also called LIDAR (light
detection and ranging),

• It is used to-day for communications and to

measure atmospheric pollution.

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• The advanced radar systems developed in th
e 1930s played an important role in the Batt
le of Britain.

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 Role of radar in WW-II
• Historians generally agree that this crucial b
attle could not have been won without radar.

• In the words of one German fighter ace, "Th

e British had an extraordinary advantage...
which was their radar and fighter control ne
twork and organisation."

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Churchill said that three things played
decisive roles in winning the Battle of
British :
(i) the RAF pilots,
(ii) The Spitfire fighter, and
(iii) Radar

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 Operation
• Radio waves travel at the speed of light (at
about 300,000 km/sec)

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Radar equipment consists of
(i) a transmitter,
(ii) an antenna,
(iii) a receiver, and
(iv) an indicator.

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 Transmitter
• The transmitter broadcasts a beam of
electromagnetic waves by means of an
antenna, which concentrates the waves into
a shaped beam pointing in the desired
direction.
• When these waves strike an object in the
path of the beam, some are reflected from
the object, forming an echo signal.
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 Antenna
• The antenna collects the energy contained
in the echo signal and delivers it to the
receiver.

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 Receiver and Indicator.
• Through an amplification process and
computer processing, the radar receiver
produces a visual signal on the screen of the
indicator, essentially a computer display
monitor.

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 Primary-Radar System

• Primary-radar systems operate on the

principle of a passive echo from the target.

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 Secondary-Radar System
• Secondary-Radar System depends on a
response from the target.

• Most of these devices are used in navigation

and in communication.

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Countermeasures against Radars
• During World War I disruption of enemy
radio communications was practiced only
occasionally.
• Interference with radar communications
was of strategic importance in World War
II, because both sides depended greatly on
radar in many aspects of the war.

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Countermeasures against Radars

1. Flying Low
2. Stealth Technology
3. Electronic Counter Measure (EMC)

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 Stealth Technology

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 Space-based Radar
• Radar located on satellites in earth orbit
• Use to monitor global land and sea
resources
• Increasingly important in an era of global
warming and ever-scarcer natural resources.

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 Space-based Radar
• Other important applications include crop
monitoring and weather forecasting.

• Space-based radar has been a key compone

nt in the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).

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 More recent developments

• Before and during World War II, several lab

oratories were established to develop radar,
the most famous being the Radiation Labor
atory (Rad Lab) at the Massachusetts Institu
te of Technology (MIT).

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• Virtually all of the techniques used in
modern radars were identified in this
massive effort, although many of these
discoveries were not implemented until
recently because the technological advances
required lagged far behind the theoretical.

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Some recent improvements
include:
I. Microwave electronically steered antennas

II. Phase-stable and gridded microwave

transmitter amplifiers

III. Digital computer signal processing

IV. Pulse compression

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 V. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm

VI. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)

VII. Sophisticated smoothing and predication algorithms

VIII. Low-observable targets

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End
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