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Presenter (S) : Banga Mbengashe Therese Hardy
Presenter (S) : Banga Mbengashe Therese Hardy
Development of GIS Spatial and spectral resolution Data manipulation and analysis
software
COMPONENTS OF GIS
CPU, screen,
keyboard, mouse,
scanner, printer,
Application
digitizing tablet
programme
such as
ArcView
GIS design
GIS
according to
user’s needs
Maps, aerial photos,
satellite images,
administrative
records, etc.
Data capturers,
data users, GIS
analysts
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS
Capture Store
Update
Manipulate
Analyse
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Secondary data:
Data collected by
Primary data: first someone else e.g.
Data Acquisition:
hand information newspaper, reports,
process of identifying
collected from the internet etc.
and collecting
specific information fieldwork,
to solve a particular observation, surveys,
problem interview,
questionnaires etc.
REMOTE SENSING
• Observing the earth from a distance without being in contact through
satellites (passive and active)/ aeroplane (Vertical aerial and oblique aerial
photograph)/ hot air balloon.
RESOLUTION
Spectral Resolution
• The number of bands of the electromagnetic spectrum captured in
satellite.
N:B The spatial resolution increases if more bands are captured
PIXELS
• An area represented by each cell or grid in a raster
A C
B
Many pixels Less pixels
Small pixels Larger pixels
High Low
TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
• Refers to how often the data of the same area is collected (Revisit time).
• It may be continuous, several times a day, daily or once every few days.
• The higher the temporal resolution the shorter the distance of time
between the capturing of images.
• The ability to collect imagery of the same area of the Earth’s surface at
different periods of time is one of the most important elements.
DATABASE
25º50’54’’S ; 29º12’48’’E
RASTER
• Data used is represented and stored by grid cells (rows and columns) or
pixels.
VECTOR
Shows features as points, lines, nodes and polygons
Nodes: points that are found at the start and end line or where two or more
lines meet e.g. junction or intersections.
Points: made up of a single point e.g. spot height or church
Lines: made up of a sequence of points that have been connected
e.g. road or river
Polygons: made up of series of connected lines e.g. cultivated land
and dams
VECTOR
Point: Building
Line: Perennial
river and
bridge/other roads
Area:
Orchard/vineyard
and perennial water
PROS AND CONS OF RASTER AND VECTOR
ADVANTAGES RASTER DISADVANTAGES RASTER
Easy to programme and quick to The cell determines the resolution at
perform which the data is represented
Technology is cheap Difficult to represent linear features
It can store image data Needs more storage
Create a bufferzone of
250m around marsh/vlei
area
• Data security
Protecting a database from destructive forces and the unwanted actions of
unauthorized users this may be done by encryption, firewall and password.
APPLICATION OF GIS