Project Report #3: Audio

Frequency Filter
MUHAMMAD ZAWAR SARWAR
BIKRANTH MILOTHRA
 Explanation:
• The primary goal of this project is to design and implement a three-band pass
audio filter covering a frequency range from 1kHz to 10kHz. This filter will allow
the selective passage of frequencies within three distinct bands centered
around 3kHz, 5kHz, and 7kHz, while attenuating frequencies outside these
bands. Achieving this goal involves designing and constructing RC (Resistor-
Capacitor) low pass and high pass circuits tailored to each band's desired
frequency response.
 Cutoff Frequency Formula:
For a given resistance value R and capacitance value C, we can
calculate the cutoff frequency using the formula:
f=1/2πRC

RC Low-Pass Filter:
A low-pass filter allows frequencies below a certain cutoff
frequency to pass through while attenuating frequencies above
it. It consists of a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C) connected in
series, with the output taken across the capacitor.

At frequencies much lower than the cutoff frequency, the

reactance of the capacitor is high compared to the resistance,
allowing the capacitor to effectively short-circuit the input
signal. As a result, almost the entire input signal voltage
appears across the output, and the output voltage is nearly
equal to the input voltage.
At frequencies much higher than the cutoff frequency, the reactance of the capacitor
becomes much lower compared to the resistance, allowing most of the input signal to pass
through the resistor to the ground. As a result, the output voltage drops significantly,
attenuating higher frequency components of the input signal.

- RC High-Pass Filter:

An RC high pass filter, on the other hand, allows signals with frequencies
above a certain cutoff frequency to pass through unaffected, while
attenuating signals with frequencies below the cutoff. It also consists of a
resistor and a capacitor, but this time, the resistor is connected to the
input signal and the capacitor is connected to the ground. The output is
taken across the resistor.
At frequencies much lower than the cutoff frequency, the reactance of the
capacitor is high compared to the resistance, allowing almost all of the
input signal voltage to appear across the output resistor. As a result, the
output voltage is nearly equal to the input voltage.
 At frequencies much higher than the cutoff frequency, the reactance of
the capacitor becomes much lower compared to the resistance, causing
most of the input signal to pass through the capacitor to the ground.
Consequently, the output voltage drops significantly, attenuating lower
frequency components of the input signal

Equipment Required:
- Signal Generator(Audio Jack)
- 6 Capacitors (3 100nF & 3 1nF)
- 6 Potentiometers/Rheostats (100k)
- Breadboard
- Wires
Possible Mistakes:
a) Incorrect Component Values: Selecting incorrect resistor or capacitor
values can lead to incorrect filter characteristics, such as incorrect cutoff
frequencies or inadequate attenuation of unwanted frequencies.
b) Noise and Interference: External noise and interference can affect the
filter's performance, especially if the circuit layout and grounding are not
appropriately designed to minimize these effects.

Possibility of Error:
Errors may arise in detecting the filter's output because it
is a purely passive filter, lacking amplification. Therefore, its gain
will be less than 1, making it difficult to detect the output without
amplification. This can be improved by amplifying the output using
transistors.
Choice of Simulation Software:
Software used for simulation in this project will be LT Spice. This is because LT spice
offers accurate AC simulation, versatile tools, and an extensive component library, making it
ideal for designing and optimizing RC band pass filters for audio applications.
Proposed Circuit:
Simulated Output: