Artifical Intelligence

SHORT TERM INTERNSHIP - 2024
ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE
Address : 19-8-83-4, Floor, Shivaji Nagar, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India -

517502.
Phone : +91 7207 281 281
Email : support@karthikeyasolutions.com
www.karthikeyasolutions.com
What is Artificial Intelligence?
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to programming computers to do
tasks that normally require human intelligence, like
• learning,
• problem-solving, and
• understanding language
- It is like giving computers the ability to think and make decisions on
their own, similar to how humans do.
- AI helps machines learn from data, adapt to new situations, and
perform tasks without being explicitly programmed for each step.
Why is artificial Intelligence important?
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) is important because it helps make our
lives easier and improves many aspects of society.
- It allows computers to perform tasks that normally require human
intelligence, like understanding language, recognizing patterns, and
making decisions.
- AI helps in various fields such as healthcare, finance, transportation,
and entertainment by providing better solutions, automating
repetitive tasks, and even discovering new insights from large
amounts of data.
- Ultimately, AI has the potential to revolutionize industries, enhance
efficiency, and create new opportunities for innovation and growth.
What are the types of artificial intelligence?
- Narrow or Weak AI − This type of AI is designed to perform specific
tasks or solve particular problems. It is good at what it is
programmed for, like playing chess or recognizing speech, but it can't
do tasks outside its programmed scope.
- General or Strong AI − General AI would have human-like
intelligence and could perform any intellectual task that a human can.
This level of AI doesn't exist yet, but it is the goal of many AI
researchers to create machines that can think and learn like humans.
- Artificial Super intelligence (ASI) − This would be an AI system that
surpasses human intelligence in every way. It would be capable of
understanding, learning, and solving problems far beyond what
humans can comprehend. ASI is still purely theoretical and raises
significant ethical and existential questions.
What are the applications of AI?
- Virtual Assistants − AI powers virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa, and
Google Assistant, helping users with tasks such as setting reminders,
answering questions, and controlling smart devices.
- Healthcare − AI is used to analyze medical data, assist in diagnoses,
and develop personalized treatment plans. It also helps in drug
discovery, medical imaging interpretation, and monitoring patient
health.
- Finance − AI is used in fraud detection, risk assessment, algorithmic
trading, and customer service in the financial sector to improve
efficiency and accuracy.
- Autonomous Vehicles − AI enables self-driving cars to recognize
their surroundings, navigate safely, and make decisions on the road,
potentially reducing accidents and improving transportation.
What are the applications of AI?
- Recommendation Systems − AI powers recommendation algorithms
used by platforms like Netflix, Amazon, and Spotify to suggest
personalized content based on users preferences and behavior.
- Natural Language Processing (NLP) − AI is used in NLP applications
like language translation, sentiment analysis, and chatbots to
understand and generate human language.
- Robotics − AI is essential in robotics for tasks such as object
recognition, path planning, and manipulation, enabling robots to
perform complex actions in various environments.
- Gaming − AI is used in gaming for creating realistic virtual
opponents, generating dynamic game environments, and enhancing
player experiences through adaptive gameplay.
What is the future of AI?
- The future of Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds exciting possibilities. AI
is expected to continue advancing and becoming more integrated into
our daily lives, from improving healthcare and transportation to
enhancing entertainment and communication.
- We may see AI-powered technologies becoming even smarter and
more capable, enabling them to solve complex problems, make
decisions autonomously, and adapt to new situations.
- However, there are also concerns about the impact of AI on jobs and
society, so it is important for us to consider ethical implications and
ensure that AI is developed responsibly.
- Overall, the future of AI promises innovation and convenience but
also calls for careful consideration of its implications to ensure a
positive impact on society.
How to Learn Artificial Intelligence?
- To learn Artificial Intelligence (AI), start with understanding its basics
and learning programming, especially in
- languages like Python.
- Dive into machine learning,
- focusing on algorithms and frameworks,
- and then explore deep learning techniques for neural networks..
Can AI take over the world?
- In simple terms, AI cannot take over the world like in science fiction
movies.
- While AI is powerful and can perform many tasks, it doesn't have
intentions, desires, or emotions like humans do.
- AI systems are created and controlled by humans, and they only do
what they are programmed to do.
- However, there are concerns about AI being misused or causing
unintended consequences if not developed responsibly.
- It is essential for humans to ensure that AI is used ethically and for
the benefit of society, rather than allowing it to control or harm us.
Can AI take over the world?
- In simple terms, AI cannot take over the world like in science fiction
movies.
- While AI is powerful and can perform many tasks, it doesn't have
intentions, desires, or emotions like humans do.
- AI systems are created and controlled by humans, and they only do
what they are programmed to do.
- However, there are concerns about AI being misused or causing
unintended consequences if not developed responsibly.
- It is essential for humans to ensure that AI is used ethically and for
the benefit of society, rather than allowing it to control or harm us.
Who invented Artificial Intelligence?
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) does not have a single inventor because it is
a field of study that has evolved over many years with contributions
from various scientists and researchers.
- However, the term "artificial intelligence" was coined in 1956 by John
McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell, and Herbert A. Simon
during a conference at Dartmouth College.
- They proposed the idea of creating machines that could simulate
human intelligence.
- Since then, countless individuals have contributed to the
development of AI through research, experimentation, and
innovation in areas like machine learning, robotics, natural language
processing, and more.
How to Use Artificial Intelligence in Mobile Apps?
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be integrated into mobile apps to
enhance user experience and functionality.
- Developers can use AI for personalization by analyzing user data and
providing modified recommendations or content.
- Voice assistants powered by AI enable hands-free interaction with the
app through voice commands.
- Predictive analytics can be implemented to anticipate user behavior
and offer suggestions or notifications. Features such as image
recognition and natural language processing allow for advanced
functionalities like object identification, augmented reality
experiences, and chatbots.
- Additionally, AI-driven security measures such as biometric
authentication enhance app security, while smart automation
streamlines processes and improves efficiency within the app.
How is AI used in education?
- In education, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to personalize
learning by adapting content and pace to individual students,
provide instant tutoring and feedback, automate grading processes,
and identify learning gaps through data analysis.
- AI also helps create and curate educational materials, facilitate
language learning, and improve accessibility for students with
disabilities, enhancing the effectiveness of educational experiences.
What are the risks of artificial intelligence?
- The risks of Artificial Intelligence (AI) include potential job loss due
to automation, biased decision-making leading to unfair outcomes,
concerns about privacy and data security, and the possibility of safety
and security vulnerabilities being exploited.
- Additionally, ethical dilemmas may arise, such as accountability for
AI-driven decisions and the implications of autonomous systems on
human well-being, highlighting the importance of responsible
development and use of AI technologies.
History of AI
- 1923
Karel Čapek play named “Rossum's Universal Robots” (RUR) opens in
London, first use of the word "robot" in English.
- 1943
Foundations for neural networks laid.
- 1945
Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the term Robotics.
- 1950
Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and
published Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Claude Shannon
published Detailed Analysis of Chess Playing as a search.
- 1956
John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration of
the first running AI program at Carnegie Mellon University
History of AI
- 1958
- John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.
- 1964
- Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers can
understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word
problems correctly.
- 1965
- Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that
carries on a dialogue in English.
- 1969
- Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot,
equipped with locomotion, perception, and problem solving.
History of AI
- 1973
- The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy,
the Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and
assemble models.
- 1979
- The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was
built.
- 1985
- Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program,
Aaron.
History of AI
- 1990
- Major advances in all areas of AI −
- Significant demonstrations in machine learning
- Case-based reasoning
- Multi-agent planning
- Scheduling
- Data mining, Web Crawler
- natural language understanding and translation
- Vision, Virtual Reality
- Games
- 1997
The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion,
Garry Kasparov.
History of AI
- 2000
- Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays
Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions. The robot
Nomad explores remote regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites
History of AI
- 2000
- Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays
Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions. The robot
Nomad explores remote regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites
What is Intelligence?
The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and
analogies, learn from experience, store and retrieve information from
memory, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural
language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.
Types of Intelligence
As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental
psychologist, the Intelligence comes in multifold −
What is Intelligence?
The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and
analogies, learn from experience, store and retrieve information from
memory, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural
language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.
Types of Intelligence
As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental
psychologist, the Intelligence comes in multifold
Linguistic intelligence
- The ability to speak, recognize, and use mechanisms of phonology
(speech sounds), syntax (grammar), and semantics (meaning)
- Narrators, Orators
Musical intelligence
- The ability to create, communicate with, and understand meanings
made of sound, understanding of pitch, rhythm.
- Musicians, Singers, Composers
Logical-mathematical intelligence
- The ability of use and understand relationships in the absence of action
or objects. Understanding complex and abstract ide
as.
- Mathematicians, Scientists
Spatial intelligence
- The ability to perceive visual or spatial information, change it, and re-
create visual images without reference to the objects, construct 3D
images, and to move and rotate them.
- Map readers, Astronauts, Physicists
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence
- The ability to use complete or part of the body to solve problems or
fashion products, control over fine and coarse motor skills, and
manipulate the objects.
- Players, Dancers
Intra-personal intelligence
- The ability to distinguish among one’s own feelings, intentions, and
motivations.
- Gautam Buddhha
Interpersonal intelligence
- The ability to recognize and make distinctions among other people’s
feelings, beliefs, and intentions.
- Mass Communicators, Interviewers
Types of Artificial Intelligence:
Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly
two types of main categorization which are based on capabilities and
based on functionally of AI.
AI type-1: Based on Capabilities
Weak AI or Narrow AI:

- Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task
with intelligence.
- Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only
trained for one specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI.
- Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a
limited pre-defined range of functions.
- IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses
an Expert system approach combined with Machine learning and
natural language processing.
Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions
on e-commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image
recognition.
General AI:
- General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any
intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
- The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be
smarter and think like a human by its own.
- Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under
general AI and can perform any task as perfect as a human.
- The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines
with General AI.
- As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take
lots of efforts and time to develop such systems.
Super AI:
- Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could
surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than
human with cognitive properties. It is an outcome of general AI.
- Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the
ability to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan,
learn, and communicate by its own.
- Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence.
Development of such systems in real is still world changing task.
Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality
Reactive Machines
- Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial
Intelligence.
- Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future
actions.
- These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per
possible best action.
- IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
- Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
Reactive Machines
- Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial
Intelligence.
- Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future
actions.
- These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per
possible best action.
- IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
- Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
Limited Memory
- Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data
for a short period of time.
- These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
- Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory
systems. These cars can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance
of other cars, speed limit, and other information to navigate the road.
Theory of Mind
- Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people,
beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.
- This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are
making lots of efforts and improvement for developing such AI
machines.
Theory of Mind
- Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These
machines will be super intelligent, and will have their own
consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
- These machines will be smarter than human mind.
- Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical
concept
Types of AI Agents
- Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their degree of

perceived intelligence and capability.
- All these agents can improve their performance and generate better
action over the time.
These are given below:

 Simple Reflex Agent
 Model-based reflex agent
 Goal-based agents
 Utility-based agent
 Learning agent
Simple Reflex agent:
- The Simple reflex agents are the simplest agents. These agents take
decisions on the basis of the current percepts and ignore the rest of
the percept history.
- These agents only succeed in the fully observable environment.
- The Simple reflex agent does not consider any part of percepts history
during their decision and action process.
- The Simple reflex agent works on Condition-action rule, which means
it maps the current state to action. Such as a Room Cleaner agent, it
works only if there is dirt in the room.
 Problems for the simple reflex agent design approach:
 They have very limited intelligence
 They do not have knowledge of non-perceptual parts of the current
state
Simple Reflex agent:
 Mostly too big to generate and to store.
 Not adaptive to changes in the environment.
Model-based reflex agent
The Model-based agent can work in a partially observable environment,
and track the situation.
A model-based agent has two important factors:
 Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in the world,"
so it is called a Model-based agent.
 Internal State: It is a representation of the current state based on
percept history.
These agents have the model, "which is knowledge of the world" and
based on the model they perform actions.
Updating the agent state requires information about:
 How the world evolves
 How the agent's action affects the world.
Model-based reflex agent
Goal-based agents
 The knowledge of the current state environment is not always

sufficient to decide for an agent to what to do.
 The agent needs to know its goal which describes desirable situations.
 Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the model-based agent
by having the "goal" information.
 They choose an action, so that they can achieve the goal.
 These agents may have to consider a long sequence of possible
actions before deciding whether the goal is achieved or not.
Such considerations of different scenario are called searching and
planning, which makes an agent proactive.
Goal-based agents
 The knowledge of the current state environment is not always

sufficient to decide for an agent to what to do.
 The agent needs to know its goal which describes desirable situations.
 Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the model-based agent
by having the "goal" information.
 They choose an action, so that they can achieve the goal.
 These agents may have to consider a long sequence of possible
actions before deciding whether the goal is achieved or not.
Such considerations of different scenario are called searching and
planning, which makes an agent proactive.
Learning Agents
 A learning agent in AI is the type of agent which can learn from its
past experiences, or it has learning capabilities.
 It starts to act with basic knowledge and then able to act and adapt
automatically through learning.
 Learning element: It is responsible for making improvements by
learning from environment
 Critic: Learning element takes feedback from critic which describes
that how well the agent is doing with respect to a fixed performance
standard.
 Performance element: It is responsible for selecting external action
 Problem generator: This component is responsible for suggesting
actions that will lead to new and informative experiences.
 Hence, learning agents are able to learn, analyze performance, and
look for new ways to improve the performance.
Utility-based agents
 These agents are similar to the goal-based agent but provide an extra
component of utility measurement which makes them different by
providing a measure of success at a given state.
 Utility-based agent act based not only goals but also the best way to
achieve the goal.
 The Utility-based agent is useful when there are multiple possible
alternatives, and an agent has to choose in order to perform the best
action.
 The utility function maps each state to a real number to check how
efficiently each action achieves the goals.

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SHORT TERM INTERNSHIP - 2024

Address : 19-8-83-4, Floor, Shivaji Nagar, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India -

Weak AI or Narrow AI:

- Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their degree of

These are given below:

 The knowledge of the current state environment is not always

 The knowledge of the current state environment is not always

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