SOLID

SOLID
ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT
Grou
p5
Aquino,
Aquino, Calvin
Calvin Ray
Ray T.
T.
Castuera,
Castuera, John
John Lorvin
Lorvin P.P.
De
De Vera,
Vera, Anthony
Anthony Jr.
Jr. A.
A.
Duag,
Duag, Vladimere
Vladimere Beethoven
Beethoven
Linantud,
Linantud, Khim
Khim C.C.
Valenzuela,
Valenzuela, Precious
Precious Abby
Abby T.T.
 SOLID
• One of the four states of matter
• Molecules are tightly bound
together
Lithosphere
(Land)
• from Greek word "Lithos",
meaning stone and "sphaira",
meaning globe or ball.
• Solid, outer part of the earth.
Land Use in the Philippines
 Waste
Solid Environment
Unwanted or unusable material.

Solid Waste
All wastes that arise from human and
animal activities that has a definite form
and shape.
How much waste does the Philippines
produce per year?
21.43 M (2020)
22.71 M (2023)

23.61 M (2025)
How much waste does the Philippines
produce per year?

Total solid waste generation

of the Philippines is expected
to reach 23.61M tons in
2025.
 Total
Projected
Waste
2020-2025
 How much waste does the
Maragondon produce per year?

Total solid waste generation of

Maragondon is expected to reach 6.03K
tons in 2025.
TYPES OF
SOLID WASTE
• SOLID WASTE
GENERATION

• SOLID WASTE
COMPOSITION
 S O L I D WA S T E G E N E R AT I O N

SOLID WASTE
GENERATION
1. RESIDENTIAL
-waste generated from any place where
people live.

2. COMMERCIAL
-waste generated as the result of activities
in the business sector.
 S O L I D WA S T E G E N E R AT I O N

3. INSTITUTIONAL
-waste generated from institutions.

4. BIO-MEDICAL
-waste generated from hospital and
healthcare facilities.

5. MUNICIPAL
-waste generated from municipal activities.
 S O L I D WA S T E G E N E R AT I O N

6. INDUSTRIAL
-waste generated from industrial activity.

7. AGRICULTURAL
-waste generated from agricultural
operations.

8. OPEN AREAS
WASTE GENERATION IN
THE PHILIPPINES

SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION
Garbage
This refers to animal and vegetable
wastes resulting from the handling,
sale, storage, preparation, cooking
and serving of food.
S O L I D WA S T E C O M P O S I T I O N
Bulky Wastes
T h e s e i n c l u d e s l a rg e h o u s e h o l d
appliances Since these household
wastes cannot be accommodated in
normal storage containers, they
require a special collection
mechanism.

Ashes and Residues
These are the substances remaining
from the burning of wood, coal,
charcoal and other combustible
materials used for cooking and heating
in the houses, institutes and small
industrial establishments.
S O L I D WA S T E C O M P O S I T I O N
Street Wastes
This refers to solid waste that is
collected from streets, walkways,
parks and vacant plots which
c o n s i s t o f p a p e r, c a r d b o a r d ,
plastic, leaves, and other
v e g e t a b l e m a t t e r.
 S O L I D WA S T E C O M P O S I T I O N

Biodegradable and Non- Combustible and Non-

Biodegradable Combustible Wastes

Biodegradable wastes mainly refer to

These consist of waste generated
substances consisting of organic from households, institutions,
matter. commercial activities
Non-Biodegradable wastes consist of
inorganic and recyclable materials

Abandoned
Vehicles
This includes automobiles, trucks and
trailers that are abandoned on streets
and other public places
S O L I D WA S T E C O M P O S I T I O N
Dead Animals
Wi t h r e g a r d t o m u n i c i p a l w a s t e s ,
dead animals are those that die
naturally or are accidentally killed
on road. Dead animals are divided
i n t o t w o g r o u p s – l a rg e a n d s m a l l
 S O L I D WA S T E C O M P O S I T I O N

Farm Wastes Hazardous

Wastes
Wa s t e s o f i n d u s t r i a l , i n s t i t u t i o n a l o r
consumer origin that are potentially
These wastes result from diverse dangerous either immediately or
agricultural activities. over a period of time to human
beings and the environment.
 S O L I D WA S T E C O M P O S I T I O N

Sewage Wastes
E-Waste

Electronic equipment that has

a type of wastewater that is produced
ceased to be of value to users or
by a community of people and
that no longer satisfies its original
contains various contaminants. It may purpose as a result of either
include solid or semi-solid waste r e d u n d a n c y, r e p l a c e m e n t , o r
breakage.
WASTE COMPOSITION
IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Solid Waste Transformation
Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n – a p r o c e s s o f r e d u c t i o n o f w a s t e b y v o l u m e a n d
w e i g h t a n d r e c o v e r i n g t h e e n e rg y a s w e l l a s o t h e r r e u s a b l e a n d
recyclable materials from them.
1) Physical transformation
2) Chemical transformation
3) Biological transformation
Physical Transformation
Physical transformations of solid waste typically
do not involve a change of phase.
The principal physical processes used to
transform solid waste include:

a) Component separation - components are

identified and sorted either manually or
mechanically to aid further processing.
Physical Transformation

b) Mechanical volume and size-

reduction - prepares waste for
e ff i c i e n t t r a n s p o r t b y t r u c k , b o a t
or rail car to landfills or other
waste disposal facilities.
Chemical Transformation
Chemical transformations of solid waste
typically involve a change of phase.
The principal chemical processes used to
transform solid waste include:

a) Combustion - the controlled burning of

substances in an enclosed area, as a means
of treating and disposing of hazardous
waste.
Chemical Transformation

b) Pyrolysis - process of thermal

degradation of the waste in the total
a b s e n c e o f a i r.

c) Gasification - a unique process that

transforms a carbon-based material, such
as MSW or biomass, into other forms of
e n e rg y w i t h o u t a c t u a l l y b u r n i n g i t .
Biological Transformation
A p p l i c a b l e o n l y t o o rg a n i c f r a c t i o n o f w a s t e .

Compost - a humus-like material used for soil

conditioning applications or to produce methane gas.

a ) A e r o b i c C o m p o s t i n g - D e c o m p o s i t i o n o f o rg a n i c
fraction of waste in the precense of oxygen.
b ) A n a e r o b i c C o m p o s t i n g - D e c o m p o s i t i o n o f o rg a n i c
fraction of waste in the absence of oxygen.
Solid Waste Pollution and its Effects
 The waste humans generate waste has been detrimental to our environment for
quite some time now.

Humans are generating too much trash and cannot deal with it in a sustainable way. Waste that is not biodegradable and cannot
be properly be recycled is filling our oceans and landfills.
Effects of 1 On Air, Water, and Land

Solid Waste 2 On Climate Change

Pollution 3 On Wildlife

4 On Human Health
 On Air, Water, and Land
P o l l u t i n g o n e o f t h e s e 3 w i l l r e s u l t i n a d o m i n o e ff e c t .
A suitable air and water quality is course point of life. Nowadays, air and water
q u a l i t i e s a r e a ff e c t e d b y S o l i d w a s t e p o l l u t i o n . S o l i d w a s t e c a u s e s v a r i o u s t y p e s o f
pollution which leads to disturb our daily life. It not only causes the hazard to humans
and animal daily life but also causes ecological imbalance.

Solid waste is a source of pathogenic microbial development. Their main impact lies
o n w a t e r, s o i l a n d a i r. T h u s i n t h e s e c o n d i t i o n h u m a n a s w e l l a s a n i m a l s l i f e b e c o m e
s o d i ff i c u l t t h a t p u t q u e s t i o n o n s u r v i v a l . T h e a m o u n t o f g a r b a g e i n c r e a s i n g d a i l y a n d
the dumping area increases so heavily that it can cover our safe zone and also lead to
sewage problem. Both factors ultimately resulted into various severe diseases.
 On Climate Change
• The way we dispose of waste is troubling. What is worse, in this
decade alone, it would seem that waste disposal has become more
careless. What we have failed to do is to put into action the ideas we
believe will help us mitigate or adapt to climate change.

• Case in point: the trash that is dumped in landfills releases methane

g a s . T h e b u r n i n g o f l a rg e , o p e n p i l e s o f t r a s h i n v a r i o u s p a r t s o f
the world emits dangerous levels of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse
gas that is heating up our planet.
 On Wildlife
Ecosystems vary widely from location to
location. However, one of the most outsize
consequences of our global waste problem
manifests itself in relation to our marine life and
waterways. Simply put, it affects the people who
depend on the ocean for their livelihoods. They
cannot distinguish between what is or isn’t food.
They consume the trash, which results in death
because the aquatic animal could not process it.
Due to ingestion of trash or plastics, starvation
is usually the next step because some species do
not have high acidic levels in their stomach to
break down the object that they ingested. There
are some animals that do but plastic fragments
have been known to be able to last 100 years.
When it comes to biodiversity, our waste
problem is severely plaguing the health of the
world’s species.
On Human Health
U n c o l l e c t e d s o l i d w a s t e c a n a l s o o b s t r u c t s t o r m w a t e r r u n o ff , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e
forming of stagnant water bodies that become the breeding ground of disease.
Wa s t e d u m p e d n e a r a w a t e r s o u r c e a l s o c a u s e s c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f t h e w a t e r b o d y o r
the ground water source.

Co-disposal of industrial hazardous waste with municipal waste can expose people
to chemical and radioactive hazards.
C e r t a i n c h e m i c a l s i f r e l e a s e d u n t r e a t e d , e . g . c y a n i d e s , m e r c u r y, a n d
polychlorinated biphenyls are highly toxic and exposure can lead to disease or
death. Some studies have detected excesses of cancer in residents exposed to
hazardous waste.
 Waste
Management
System
A waste management system or waste disposal is a streamlined
process that organizations use to dispose of, reduce, reuse, and
prevent waste. It is also an approach where companies
implement comprehensive strategies to efficiently manage
wastes from their origin until their final disposal.
There are currently only five recycling companies in the
Philippines, but solid waste generation has steadily increased
from 37,427 tonnes per day in 2012 to 40,087 tonnes in
2016. Fernandez, H. A. (2020, June 10).

Geocycle is a leading provider of industrial, agricultural and

municipal waste management services worldwide. The name
Geocycle alludes to the 'holistic' nature of what we do:
turning waste into energy and recycled materials.
Waste
Management
Processes
Collection Temperature Control

Weighing Moisture Control

Sorting Maturing

Mixing Screening

Loading Sales
 WASTE
MANAGEMENT
HIERARCHY
The waste management hierarchy is a conceptual framework designed to
guide and rank waste management decisions at both the individual and
organisational level.

It gives top priority to waste prevention, followed by re-use, recycling,

recovery and finally disposal.
 REDUCE
The waste management hierarchy places top priority on reducing or preventing as
much waste generation as possible.

This stage encourages industries, communities and governments to reduce their use
of virgin raw materials to produce goods and services.

The idea is to maximise efficiency and prevent the unnecessary consumption of

resources
 REUSE
Preparing materials for reuse in their original form is the second-best approach to
waste management.

Aside from reducing your landfill impact, reusing business waste also allows your
business to avoid spending on new goods or virgin materials or paying a provider
to dispose of your waste for you.
 RECYCL
E
Recycling involves processing materials that would otherwise be sent to landfills
and turning them into new products.

It’s the third step of the waste management hierarchy because of the extra energy
and resources that go into creating a new product.
 RECOVER
When further recycling is not practical or possible, businesses can recover energy
or materials from waste through processes
 DISPOSE
When all else fails, materials that cannot be reused, recycled or recovered for
energy will be landfilled and incinerated (without energy recovery).

This is an unsustainable method of waste management because waste that sits in

landfills can continue to have a damaging environmental impact.
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
It is the collection, treatment, and
disposal of solid wastes after they
have served their purpose.
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT METHODS
• Open Dump
• Landfill
• Recycling
• Composting
• Incineration
Open Dump
Open dump is a land disposal site where solid
wastes are disposed of in a way that does not
protect the environment. The disposal is not
engineered, and this can cause a bunch of
problems in its surroundings like gas leakage
and burning of wastes.
Landfill
Landfills are engineered facilities containing solid
wastes. They are operated as pits in the ground or filled-
in canyons. Current regulations require solid wastes to
be as dry as possible first before getting dumped into
landfills, and landfills should also be away from
communities and places that contain natural resources to
minimize environmental pollution.
LANDFILL
METHODS
Trench Area
• Used in areas where the groundwater level is well below the surface.
• Artificial or natural depressions can be used for this method.
• 2m deep, 2-5 m wide.
• The excavated soil is placed on the sides of the trench and after the refuse
has been put in layers and the after trench was filled, is used as final cover.

Trench Method
• Used in areas where the groundwater level is high.
• Used in areas that are unsuitable for excavation.
• Used for disposal of large amounts of solid wastes.
• Since the area is unsuitable for excavation, the soil for final cover has to be
excavated elsewhere.
Area Method
Recycling
Recycling is the process of
converting waste materials into new
materials and objects.
Composting
Composting is a form of
recycling wherein organic
matter such as food and
animal wastes is turned into
fertilizer that can enrich the
soil.
Incineration
Incineration is the process of burning solid
wastes at extremely high temperatures.
The after-effect of incineration can be used
for recycling. The heat it produces can be
used to generate electricity, and the
resulting ashes can be used in construction
materials like bricks and tiles.
 SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN
THE PHILIPPINES
MATERIALS
RECOVERY
FACILITY AND
PROCESSING
A materials recovery facility
(MRF), sometimes called a
materials reclamation facility or
m a t e r i a l s r e c y c l i n g f a c i l i t y, i s a
plant that separates and prepares
single-stream recycling materials
to be sold to end buyers.
This shift toward single-stream is
putting the onus on residents and
business owners alike to sort their
recyclables, and has been proven to
be a boon in terms of increasing
the sheer quantity of recyclable
materials being diverted from
landfills.
What Does a Materials
Recovery Facility Sort?
• Plastics
• Cardboard (OCC)
• Paper including newspapers, magazines,
o ff i c e p a p e r, m i x e d p a p e r, e t c .
• Glass bottles and jars
• Metal containers, including aluminum and
steel cans
• Cartons
As the video notes, unlike other materials bei
ng sorted and baled, glass is instead crushed
—once crushed it is referred to as cullet—an
d put into containers which are then sold to
manufacturers who remelt the cullet and turn
it into new glass products or utilize this feed
s t o c k i n i n s u l a t i o n . Ty p i c a l l y g l a s s i s s e p a r a t
e d b y c o l o r, w i t h c l e a r, g r e e n , a n d b r o w n g l a
ss being more valuable on the commodities m
arket than glass of other colors.
Clean MRF
P u t s i m p l y, a c l e a n m a t e r i a l s r e c o
very facility only processes resid
ential or commercial single-strea
m recycling; that is, recyclable m
aterials that you place in your cu
rbside recycling bin that is picke
d up every week or so.
Clean MRF
The recovery rate at a clean materials re
covery facility (the percentage of materi
als that enter a clean MRF that actually e
nds up being recycled) is thought to be h
i g h e r t h a n a t a d i r t y M R F. Wi t h t h a t s a i d ,
recovery rates at MRFs can be hard to u
nravel, with many facility owners not wa
nting to share this information, which ca
n make it hard to determine exact recove
ry rates.
 Dirty MRF
A dirty materials recovery facility processes residential o
r commercial trash in the hope of capturing recyclable ma
terials that have incorrectly been thrown out as trash. Wh
en combined with clean materials recovery facilities, the
benefits of dirty MRFs is that they allow for greater over
all recovery of recyclable materials, whereas the downsid
es are that they typically cost more to run, as they requir
e significantly more manual labor to remove trash, and an
y soluble recyclables, such as mixed paper and
OCC, that tend to get contaminated.
SOLID WASTE
PREVENTION
How to Reduce This results from our daily decisions on what we

Solid Waste? use and how to dispose of various goods. reduce,

reuse, and Srecycle are the three primary principles
1 4 WAY
you have to follow to if you wish to reduce solid
waste.

Purchase items No or minimal Buy items in Recycle items

in bulk packaging recycled carton
packages
 Use cloth bags 1 4 WAY S
Reuse items

Place food Donate items or

scraps in a sell in a yard
compost bin sale
 1 4 WAY S
Upcycling

Purchase items
made from recycled Return for refill
products when possible
 Teach other about the
Avoid throwing 1 4 WAY S benefits of reducing
items away solid waste
unnecessarily

Recharge batteries
rather than using
disposable
Thank
You!