FLUID

MECHANICS-1
Chapter 2: Pressure in Fluids
OUTLINE
 Introduction
 Definition
 Units
 Hydrostatic Pressure
 Pascal’s Law
 Absolute & Gauge Pressure
 Pressure Measuring Devices
 Examples
INTRODUCTION
Pressure is the normal force per unit area:
Therefore, it has the unit : which is also called Pascal ()

Other used units:

INTRODUCTION
Pressure is the normal force per unit area:

The pressure on the feet of heavyweight

person is greater than that on that on
the feet of a thin person
INTRODUCTION
Pressure is the normal force per unit area:

Pressure at a point in a fluid is equal in

all directions
Greater pressure!
(same force, less area)
INTRODUCTION
Pressure is the normal force per unit area:

The pressure of a fluid at

rest increases with
depth:
 INTRODUCTION
Pressure is the normal force per unit area:

The pressure at the same level in the same fluid is constant

INTRODUCTION
The pressure of a fluid increases with depth

When taking the atmospheric

pressure as reference, the
pressure at depth () is given as:
HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE
Pressure at the same horizontal
level within the same fluid is
constant
Pascal’s law: the pressure applied to a
confined fluid increases the pressure of
the fluid throughout by the same amount

At same level, 𝑃 1=𝑃 2

𝐹1 𝐹 2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2
PROBLEM 1
A large piston supports a car. The total mass of
the piston and car is 3200 𝑘𝑔. What force must be
applied to the smaller piston ?
Solution
Given,
,,
Then,
 PROBLEM 2
In a hydraulic jack, , , . Find when and when
 GAUGE PRESSURE
𝑃 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 =𝑃 𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝑃 𝑎𝑡𝑚
 GAUGE PRESSURE
is a pressure that takes
the atmospheric pressure
as its reference

is the negative gauge

pressure

is the absolute pressure

and it is the total pressure
PROBLEM 3
Determine the Absolute pressure and Gauge pressure at a point below the free
surface of a liquid having density , if the atmospheric pressure is equal to .
PRESSURE
MEASUREMENT
Mechanical
gauges

Pressure
Electrical
measurement
gauges
devices
Differential Piezometer
Manometers
Single column
Simple
manometer

U-tube
manometer
 PIEZOMETER
• It has two ends
• One end is connected with the
tube where pressure is to be
measured
• The other end is open to the
atmosphere
• The pressure at (A) is:
U-TUBE MANOMETER

Vacuum pressure
Gauge pressure
U-TUBE MANOMETER
• It consists of two ends
• One end is connected with the tube where the pressure is
to be measured
• The other end is open to atmosphere.
• It consists of a fluid whose S.G is greater than the S.G of
measuring fluid
Let = Height of light liquid
Height of heavy liquid
Specific gravity of light liquid
Specific gravity of heavy liquid
Density of light liquid = 1000*
Density of heavy liquid = 1000*
U-TUBE MANOMETER
 For Gauge pressure (above A-A-datum line)
Pressure in the left column = Pressure in the right
column

 For Vacuum pressure (above A-A)

Pressure in the left column = Pressure in the right
column

The negative sign indicates that the pressure PB is

below atmospheric pressure.
PROBLEM 4
The right limb of a simple U– tube manometer containing mercury is open to
the atmosphere while the left limb is connected to a pipe in which a fluid of is
flowing. The center of the pipe is below the level of mercury in the right limb.
Find the pressure of fluid in the pipe if the difference of mercury level in the
two limbs is .
PROBLEM 5
U – tube manometer is having mercury. It is connected to a pipe in which a fluid
of specific gravity and having vacuum pressure is flowing. The other end of the
manometer is open to atmosphere. Find the vacuum pressure in the pipe, if the
level difference of mercury in the two limbs is and the height of fluid in the left
from the center of pipe is below.
PROBLEM 6
A water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multi-
fluid manometer as shown in Figure. The tank is located on a mountain at an
altitude of where the atmospheric pressure is . Determine the air pressure in
the tank if , , and . Take the densities of water, oil, and mercury to be , , and ,
respectively.
PROBLEM 7
The maximum blood pressure in the upper arm of a healthy person is about . If
a vertical tube open to the atmosphere is connected to the vein in the arm of the
person, determine how high the blood will rise in the tube. Take the density of
the blood to be .
PROBLEM 8
Freshwater and seawater flowing in parallel horizontal pipelines are connected
to each other by a double U-tube manometer, as shown in below figure.
Determine the pressure difference between the two pipelines. Take the density
of sea water, fresh water and air at that location to be , , and respectively.
PROBLEM 9
A gasoline line is connected to a pressure gage through a double-U manometer,
as shown in Fig. If the reading of the pressure gage is , Determine the gage
pressure of the gasoline line.
PROBLEM 10
A manometer is used to measure the pressure of a gas in a tank. The fluid used
has a specific gravity of , and the manometer column height is , as shown in Fig.
If the local atmospheric pressure is , determine the absolute pressure within the
tank
PROBLEM 11
The figure shows an inclined well-type manometer in which the distance
indicates the movement of the gage fluid level as the pressure is applied above
the well. The gage fluid has a specific gravity of and . Neglecting the drop in
fluid level in the well, calculate .