HISTORY AND

DEVELOPMENT OF
ANIMAL VACCINE

Sneha Awasthi
211/IBT/004
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INTRODUCTION
The immune system is a remarkably versatile defense system that has evolved
to protect animals from invading pathogenic microorganisms.

It is able to generate an enormous variety of cells and molecules capable of

specifically recognizing and eliminating an apparently unlimited variety of
foreign invaders. These cells and molecules act together in a dynamic network
to defend the host.

Buddhist monks used to drink snake venom to develop immunity to snake

bites. In 1718, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu observed the positive effects of
variolation on the native population and attempted the technique on her own
children.

English physician Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinology.

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The variolation technique was significantly improved and tested by

Jenner.

He observed that milkmaids who had contracted the mild cowpox

disease were subsequently immune to the fatal smallpox disease.

Jenner reasoned that the introduction of fluid from a cowpox

pustule into people (i.e. inoculation) might protect them from
smallpox

He inoculated an eight-year-old boy with fluid from a cowpox

pustule and later deliberately infected the child with smallpox.

As predicted, the child did not develop smallpox symptoms.

Source - https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/654289/fvets-08-654289-HTML/image_m/fvets-08-654289-g001.jpg
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This was experimentally supported by Louis Pasteur, who succeeded in growing the bacterium
thought to cause fowl cholera in culture and then showed that chickens variolated with the
cultured bacterium developed cholera.

When these variolated chickens were infected with potent live bacteria, chickens became
infected with cholera, but they recovered and were completely protected from the disease.

Pasteur hypothesized and proved that aging had weakened the virulence of the pathogen and
that such an attenuated strain might be administered to protect against the disease.

He called this attenuated strain a vaccine .

SOME KEY MILESTONES IN VACCINE 5
DEVELOPMENT
1885: Louis Pasteur, known for his animal vaccines, injected a rabies vaccine into two people,
which caused a controversy. Few people at the time were comfortable with the idea of
introducing a deadly, live virus into a human being

1896: Vaccines for cholera and typhoid were developed using killed versions of bacteria.

1897: A killed vaccine for the plague was developed.

1923: A powerful toxin from diphtheria bacterium was chemically inactivated and used as a
“toxoid” to kill bacteria. Before the toxoid vaccine, there were as many as 200,000 cases each
year and 15,000 deaths.
1926: A killed vaccine for pertussis (“whooping cough”) was developed using the whole 6
pertussis organism.

1927: A tetanus “toxoid” was developed. Before the tetanus vaccine, there were about
600 cases a year in the U.S. with 180 deaths (today there are about 70 cases with 15
deaths). By the late 1940s tetanus was combined with diphtheria and pertussis as the
children’s vaccine “DTP.”

1954: Jonas Salk developed a killed polio virus, which decreased paralysis cases from
20,000 in 1952 to 1,600 in 1960.

1961: Alfred Sabin developed an oral polio vaccine using a live virus; it was easy to
administer and was successful at eliminating the spread of polio.

1963: A safe and effective measles vaccine was developed, reducing the number of cases
from four million in 1962 (with 3,000 deaths) to 309 cases in 1995 (with no deaths).

1964: A killed rabies vaccine was developed, but required up to 30 painful shots in the
abdomen. By 1980, a newer version required only five shots in the arm to protect
against this deadly disease.
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1967: A vaccine for mumps was licensed, reducing the incidence from about 200,000 cases
annually (with 20 to 30 deaths) to about 600 cases (with no deaths).

1970: Several strains of Rubella were weakened (attenuated) to create a vaccine. Between 1964
and 1965 there were about 12 million cases, leading to birth defects in 20,000 children. By 1971,
measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines were combined into a single shot known as MMR.

1970s and 1980s: Meningococcal, pneumococcal, and Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib)
vaccines were developed using a part of the bacteria cover to provide a safe antigen for the body
to react to (subunit vaccine). These vaccines helped protect against life-threatening meningitis,
blood infections, and some pneumonia diseases.

1986: A vaccine for hepatitis B was licensed with an antigen that is cloned rather than grown.
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• 1990: A killed vaccine for hepatitis A was developed.

• 1995: A varicella (chicken pox) vaccine was licensed for use in children.

• 1996: The first “DTaP” vaccine was approved using only part of the pertussis organism. Combined with
diphtheria and tetanus vaccines, it reduced annual pertussis deaths significantly after the DTP vaccination.

• 2000: Premature death related to influenza was estimated at 20,000 people annually. Influenza vaccine use
reached 70 million doses.
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VACCINATION

Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing infectious diseases. World Health
Organization (WHO) information shows that the mortality of more than 15 million children
across the globe is due to infectious diseases, especially in developing countries. Mass
immunization programs could save these lives.

The success of any mass immunization program largely depends upon the availability of
cost-effective and immunoprotective vaccines against these dreadful communicable
diseases.
There are many issues associated with the production of vaccines.
USES OF VACCINE 10

Source - https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/animal-vaccines

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