DIFFERENTI

AL
E Q U AT I O N
OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – QUEZON CITY CAMPUS

S
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
 COURSE
WE E K

07
COVERAGE
MIDTERMS

Homogeneous Coeff i cients

08 Homogeneous Coeff i cients

09 E quations wi th Homogenous E quations

10 E xact E quations

11 Non-Exact Equations

12 Midt erm examinat ion

HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS
Homogeneous coefficients is a term commonly encountered
when studying ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In the
context of differential equations, the term refers to a specific
property of the coefficients in the equation. Understanding the
concept of homogeneous coefficients is important when solving
and analyzing certain types of ODEs.

When the coefficients in a differential equation are said to be

"homogeneous," it means that they are functions of the
independent variable only and do not explicitly depend on the
dependent variable.
HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS
The notation for derivative can be written as the operator D;
which is, for positive integral k, we can write:

The expression

Is called a differential operator of order n.

HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS
It may be defined as that operator which, when applied to any
function y, yields the result

The coefficients , in the operator A may be functions of x.

 HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS
Express the following higher-order DEs in D-notation
′′ →𝑒
5 𝑦 +3 𝑦 − 2 𝑦 =3
′( 𝑥 2
5 𝐷 +3 𝐷 − 2 ) 𝑦 =3 𝑒 𝑥

0( 𝑥 𝐷 − 𝐷 ) 𝑦 =0
3
𝑥 𝑦
′′ ′
− 𝑦 =→ ′

6 4 2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 → ( 𝐷6 +3 𝐷 4 − 3 𝐷2 +1 ) 𝑦
6
+3 4
−3 2
+ 𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Classification of Linear DEs

DE written as

According to the coefficients

a. With constant coefficients (all a are constant)
Example:
b. With variable coefficients: at least one of a is not constant
Example:
Classification of Linear DEs

DE written as

According to the function

a. Homogeneous Linear DE: f(x)=0
Example:
b. Nonhomogeneous Linear DE: f(x)≠0
Example:
Solution of Homogeneous Linear DEs
with Constant Coefficients
For a given differential equation of the form

There is an associated polynomial equation in m called auxiliary

or characteristic equation of the form

whose solutions are called auxiliary roots.

Cases of Auxiliary Roots

Case 1: Distinct Real Roots

For every distinct real root it corresponds a solution of the form

Case 2: Real Repeated Roots

For every distinct real root repeated k times, it corresponds a
solution of the form
Cases of Auxiliary Roots

Case 3: Distinct Pairs of Imaginary Roots

For every distinct real root there corresponds a solution of the
form

Case 4: Repeated Imaginary Roots

For every distinct real root there corresponds a solution of the
form
Example 1
Solve the following differential equations
′′ ′
4𝑦 +11 𝑦 − 3 𝑦 = 0
Example 2
Solve the following differential equations
′′ ′
𝑦 − 12 𝑦 +36 𝑦 = 0
Example 3
Solve the following differential equations
′′ ′
3 𝑦 + 4 𝑦 +7 𝑦 =0
Example 4
Solve the following differential equations
′′ ′
𝑦 + 𝑦 =0
Example 5
Solve the following differential equations
′′ ′ ′ ′
𝑦 − 𝑦 =0
Example 6
Solve the following differential equations
′′ ′ ′′
𝑦 +22 𝑦 − 75 𝑦 = 0
Method of Undetermined Coefficient (MUC)

For a given differential equation of the form

(𝑎 ¿¿ 0 𝐷𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐷𝑛− 1+ …+𝑎 𝑛 − 1 𝐷+ 𝑎𝑛 ) 𝑦 ≠ 0 ¿

General Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
is the complementary solution from the homogeneous linear
differential equation
is the particular solution which can be obtained by MUC
5 Steps in Solving MUC
For the complementary solution set
For the particular solution , refer to the table
Compare and for similar terms. If these
have similar terms, multiply with or or
until there are no like terms.
Substitute into the DE and solve for the values
of the coefficients by equating coefficients of like
powers.
Example 7
Solve the following differential equations
′′ ′ 6 𝑥
𝑦 − 5 𝑦 + 4 𝑦 =3 𝑒