Review

on TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
 Historical Background
Transportation - is defined as the movement
or conveying of persons and goods from
one location to another.
 Man needs to travel dates back as
early as the creation of human beings.
Biblical passages alleged that when
Adam and Eve ate the fruit of the
forbidden tree, they were sent out by God
from Paradise.
 Since then, the human race
expanded and our ancestors constantly
move from one place to another to enable
them to survive and others for various
reasons.
Other biblical passages mentioned
that Moses was chosen by God to speak
to the Pharaoh, King of Egypt to let His
children out of Egypt.
So, the children of Israel were
gloriously brought out from Egypt to serve
God.
 Kinds of Nomads
The term “Nomad” came from the
Greek word which means “to pasture” was
originally used to refer to pastoralist -
Groups that migrate in an established
pattern to find pasture lands for their
domestic livestock.
The first type comprises foraging
populations who wander in search of
foods. It is estimated that 99% of all
humanity once lived in this way.
 The Second type, the most significant
numerically and historically, comprises
the pastoral nomads who move with their
families, belongings, and herds of cattle,
camel, sheep, or goats through an annual
cycle of pastures whose availability is
determined by the alternation of hot and
cold or wet and dry seasons.
 The third type comprises, gypsies,
tinkers, and similar itinerants in urban and
complex societies.
What worth noting is how man
traveled during the ancient period. It is
believed that early human beings travelled
to places by foot, carrying their loads on
their backs or on their heads, while others
pulled crude sleds.
They used every means to make
their transportation with the least time and
effort.
 Various Ancient Modes of
Transportation
Manpower
Early men who had no domesticated
animals carried their own burdens.
More so today, manpower is
important in transportation in many parts
of the world.
 Carrying Pole
In China and other parts of the Far
East, the carrying pole, balanced on one
shoulder is a popular carrying device.
On Islands of Pacific, the ends of the
pole are supported by two men, with
goods suspended from the pole in
between.
 Back Load and Tumpline
In many parts of the world, goods are
carried on the back.
In Subtemala, pots are carried on a
wooden framework supported by a
tumpline across the forehead.
In Andes, the load is held on the back
by the strap passing over the chest.
 Sledge and Rollers
The moving of heavy burdens
was to place them on sledge
which rested on a series of
rollers.
 Sledge on Runners
A simple sledge, probably man-
drawn, was in use at the end of the Old
Stone Age in northern Europe, as
evidenced by fragments of wooded
runners which survived.
 Travois

This travois, as the pole arrangement

called serves as a platform on which
burdens are placed.
 ANIMAL POWER
The domestication of animals greatly
increased the potential power available for
transportation.
Pack animals were introduced as
conveyances mainly to serve labor.
Ox
Cattle, which were first domesticated
in Mesopotamia, were used as draft
animals to draw war chariots. Oxen are
still used as draft animals in many regions
of the world.
In some parts of Africa, they are used
as pack animals and for riding.
Reindeer
These were first domesticated in
Siberia in the beginning of the Christian
era.
In the Altai Mountains, they were
ridden with saddles.
Elsewhere, they draw sledges
somewhat like the dog sledges of the Far
North.
Dog
The first animal domesticated, is too
slight to carry heavy loads. The plain
Indians sometimes packed light loads on
dog’s backs, and pilled goods on travois
which dogs dragged.
In Far North, the dogs team drawing
sledges are the chief means of
transportation; and in parts of Europe, the
dogs are used to draw small carts.
Donkey
The Donkey or ass, first domesticated
in the Middle East. Early dogs came to use
as back animal before the domestication of
the camel.
Donkey caravans carry goods between
the cities of Southwest Asia and Egypt and
the donkey is still the chief beast of burden
among the farmers of the Near East, the
Mediterranean Area and Mexico, where it
was introduced from Spain.
Llama
In pre-Columbian America, the Llama
was the only new world animal other than
the dog capable of domestication for use
in transport.
In the high Andes, the Llama was
used as a pack animal by the Incas and
their Spanish conquerors, as it’s by
modern Andean people.
Elephant
The Carthaginians used African
elephant in their war against Rome but in
recent centuries, these animals have been
tamed.
In India, elephants were formerly
used in war and are still employed to some
extent for ceremonial processions and big
game hunting.
In Burma and Thailand, these huge
animals are widely used in the lumber
industry.
Horse
Around 2000 BC, horse drawn chariots
appeared in southwest Asia and 1,000 years
later, the Persian arrived with cavalry which
gave mobility and power to the German
tribes who invaded Europe and to the
Central Asian conqueror Genghis Khan.
In Europe, horses were used to draw
wheeled vehicles and for riding for sometime
until the introduction of mechanized
vehicles.
Camel
There are two kinds of camel, the
two-humped Bactrian camel of Central
Asia and the one-humped dromedary of
Arabia have long been used for transport.
The Bactrian camel has plodded
along the caravan routes between China
and Iran for at least 2,000 years.
It is also used to draw carts. The
dromedary, which has less endurance but
it is fleeter and special fast-paced riding
camel, is bred by the Arab Nomads.
Yak
Yak
A
A long
long haired
haired type
type of
of cattle
cattle that
that lives
lives
at
at high
high altitudes
altitudes on
on the
the Tibetan
Tibetan plateau
plateau
and
and in
in the
the neighboring
neighboring Mountain
Mountain regions
regions isis
ridden
ridden and
and used
used as
as aa pack
pack animal
animal at at
heights
heights were
were horses
horses andand ordinary
ordinary animal
animal
could
could not
not survive.
survive.
 WIND POWER
Man realized that energy from
the mass of moving air and
learned to utilized such powers to
lift rather than to drag. This paved
way to invention of air lifted
transportation vessels.
Ancient Chinese Kite
Kites have been flown as a popular
past time in the Far East since the
beginning of the history. Based on a Korean
tradition, the kite was first used for transport
when a Korean general employed one in
bridge building.
By means of kite, a cord was conveyed
across the river where heavier ropes were
fastened and finally the bridge cable.
 Da Vinci’s Omithoper
The great renaissance artist, scientist
and engineer, Leonardo da Vinci, made
study of the flight of the birds and in his
notebooks sketched a number of
omithoper (a.k.a. orthoper) which derives
its principal support and propelling from
flapping wings like those of a bird.
It was until the 19th century that rigid
wings were envisaged.
 Montgolfier Balloon
The Montgolfier Brothers of France
Joseph Michael and Jacques Entienne
have successfully released several
balloons when they proposed to use
condemned prisoners to the first ascent
with passengers.
Pilatre de Rozier, a natural historian
protested this and claimed the honor for
himself.
 Siemen’s Rocket Plane
Ernst Werner Von Siemens who later
achieved fame as an electric industrialist,
in 1847 designed rocket plane which was
to be propelled by the explosive force of
gunpowder.
Similarly, Siemens’ rocket plane was
never carried beyond the design stage.
 Lilienthal Glider
Otto Lilienthal, a German inventor
who also made a study of the flight of birds
and experimented with omithophers, going
so far as to build a model omithoper. His
chief work was with gliders.
However, in 1891, he made the first
of a number of glider flights which were to
exert a profound influence on the
development of aviation.
 Santos Dumont’s Airship
One of the pioneers of lighter-than-air
craft was Alberto Santos Dumont, a
Brazilian who experimented with the
steam-powered balloons in Paris.
He made his first balloon ascent in
1897 and in 1898 completed the
construction of his first airship.
He then built several other airships
and in 1901, made a 30-minute round trip
between St. Louis and the Eiffel Tower.
Wright Brothers’ Flying Machine
Inspired by Lilienthal’s glider experiments,
Orville and Wilbur Wright began studying the
problems of heivier-than-air flight.
They built biplane kite then over 200
different wing types which they tested in a wind
tunnel of their own invention, before they
conducted their first man-carrying powered
machine.
They flew successfully at Kitty Hawk, North
Carolina on Dec. 17, 1903.
By 1909, airplanes became sufficiently
accepted to justify beginning commercial
manufacture of the machine.
Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis
Following the initial flight of the Wright
brothers’ airplane, the development of aviation
was rapid. The first airmail was delivered in
1911 and World War 1 gave an impetus to plane
design and the training of pilots.
During the 1920’s, many new records were
set. A feat which particularly captured popular
imagination was the first solo flight from New
York to Paris, made by Capt. Charles A.
Lindbergh in May 1927 in a plane especially built
for the flight, the spirit of St. Louis.
Roads and Vehicles
History
 Wheel
Wheel was invented probably in
Western Asia, such invention was a
milestone and a great step forward in
transportation.
As wheel was perfected, crude carts
and wagons began to appear in Tigris-
Euphates Valley about 3500 BC and later
in Crete, Egypt and China.
 The wheel was one of man’s
great inventions. It enabled him to transport
burdens beyond the power of man or
animals to carry or drag, and permitted
such greater facility of movements than the
simple sledge on rollers which had to be
continually picked up and moved by hands
as the sledge is advanced.
Earliest Types of Wheeled Carts
Solid Wheels on Fixed Axle
This ancient cart represents an early
step in the evolution of wheeled vehicles.
Its solid wheels, which were made of a
simple piece of wood, rotated on single
axle.
Sumerian Chariot with Flank
Wheels

This chariot, of about 2400

BC, had solid wheels built up of
three pieces, and so was more
durable than the one-piece wheel.
Greek Quadrica with Spoked
Wheels
Drawn by four horses, was a light
and elegant vehicle for gentleman about
250 BC. It had spoked wheels and axles of
iron or bronze, handles for aid in
mounting, and seat formed by a board
placed across the handles.
Roman Carpentum
A closed, two-wheeled cart,
was the favored vehicle when
Roman women journeyed outside
the city.
Italian Cocchio
A traveling wagon in which
the passengers were protected by
a covering of leather or cloth fixed
over a wooden framework.
 The
Construction of
Roads
 The Romans were the major
road builders in the ancient world. The
Romans road network reached a total of
about 50,000 miles (80,000 kms), with
feeder roads branching out from the main
highways.
It was costly because its deep
foundation, formed by layer after heavy
stones, was necessary to make roads that
would carry heavy traffic for many years.
John L. Macadam
He did not abandon the
theory of feeder road building and
perfected the macadimized road
in England about 1815.
 Significant Improvement of Road
Vehicle began with the adaptation of
Coach Spring about 1650.

In the Mid-18th Century, English

Roads were so bad that the coaches could
average only about 4mph (6.4km/h) and
the mail was usually carried by boys on
horses.
John Palmer introduced his first fast
mail coach in March of 1785 and by 1800,
the English coach system was in full
swing.
The Invention of Bicycle in the
early 19th century served as a nursery of
automobile builders. One of the modern
ancestors of the modern bicycle was the
HOBBY HORSE. The wheels were made
along the wood, with tires of iron, and the
riders pushed themselves along with their
feet on the ground.
The German Baron KARL VON
DRAIS in 1817 introduced a steerable
wheel, creating the “draisienne”, or “dandy
horse”.
 in 1838, KIRKPATRICK
MACMILLAN, a Scottish blacksmith,
made the first machine with pedals, which
were attached to and drove the rear wheel
by means of cranks.
PNEUMATIC TIRES (Inflated
by air) by a Scot, JOHN BOYD
DUNLOP appeared in the late 19th
century.
The Invention
of Motor
Vehicle
Frenchman ETIENNE LENOIR made
possible the introduction of motorized
carriages by his invention in the 1860’s
and 70’s of the INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE.
NICOLAUS OTTO AND GOTTLIEB
DAIMLER pioneered the manufacture of
gas engines, and later Daimler became a
successful automobile manufacturer.
RUDOLF DIESEL , a German Engineer,
developed an internal combustion engine
which is similar with the gasoline engine
but requires no electrical ignition system or
carburetor and uses other form of liquid
fuel, the diesel fuel.
The AUTOMOBILE found its greatest
popularity in the US, where the first
HORSELESS CARRIAGE appeared in the
1890’s.
In 1908, HENRY FORD intoduced the
MODEL T, which was proved so popular
that by 1914, Ford had adopted MASS
PRODUCTION methods to meet the
demand.
In 1956, FELIX WANKEL, a German
mathematician, developed an advanced
type of engine named after him, that
operates very differently from gas and
diesel engines. It is started by a moving
crankshaft.
 5 PILLARS
of TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

1. Education
2. Enforcement
3. Engineering
4. Ecology/Environment
5. Economy
 5 PILLARS
of TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Traffic Education

The prime purpose of education is to

raise awareness on issues related to
traffic safety. The goal of education is
to educate the public especially to
drivers, bicyclists, and pedestrians on
issues related to traffic survey.
 Providing resource
materials and information
to residents to inform
them about all aspects of
traffic calming.
 Raising awareness of
drivers, pedestrians, and
cyclists about the safest,
best ways to share the
road through targeted
information campaigns.
Education
 Traffic Education is the process of giving
training and practice in the actual application
of traffic safety knowledge.
The following are the
agencies and offices
responsible for traffic 1. Schools (Public and
education :
Private)
2. Public Information
Programs
3. Citizen Support
Groups
 Traffic Enforcement

The presence of a traffic enforcer is to

monitor speeds and issue a formal or
courtesy citations. It is used as an
initial attempt to reduce speeds on
street with documented speeding
problems.
Traffic Enforcement. This field deals
mostly on the implementation and
enforcement of traffic laws and rules
and regulations.
Land Transportation Office
(LTO). This office is responsible
for the ff:
1.Vehicle Registration
2.Vehicle Inspection
3.Drivers’ Licensing
4.Provide information to police
on stolen or wanted vehicles.
Legislative Bodies.
Included are the Senate, Congress,
Provincial Boards, and City and Municipal
Councils. They are responsible for the
passing and/or amending of laws and/or
ordinances.
Police Traffic Enforcement. This pillar is
not limited to the PNP-TMG but it includes
all government personnel who are duly
authorized for the direct enforcement of
traffic laws such as:
1. The Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority (MMDA) for the NCR.
2. Police Auxiliaries
3. LTO Flying Squad
 Enforcement
Targeted enforcement by local law
enforcement officials to
reinforce the education
and engineering aspects of the program.

Police presence and selective

enforcement of vehicle code violations.
Enforcement
Traffic Engineering. It is the science of
measuring traffic and travel , the study of the
basic laws relative to the traffic law and
generation .
The application of this knowledge to the
professional practice of planning, deciding, and
operating traffic system to achieve safe and
efficient transportation of persons and goods.
 Traffic Engineering

Construction of physical measures to

lower speeds, improve safety, or
otherwise reduce the impacts of
automobiles by forcing changes in
motorist behavior.
 Engineering measures include a
variety of traffic calming devices that
may reduce speed, decrease volumes
and improve safety.
The city may choose to install enhanced signing or
pavement markings to address concerns.
Examples of these measures can include:
• Roadway narrowing through pavement marking
of medians.
• Increased visibility of pedestrian crossing
pavement markings.
• Additional pedestrian crossing signs
and traffic lights
• Appropriate speed limit signs.
Engineering
TRAFFIC CIRCLES
SPEED CUSHIONS
SINGLE LANE – SLOW POINTS
SPEED HUMPS
CHICANE
BULB-OUTS
GATEWAYS
 5 PILLARS
of TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Traffic Ecology /Environment

Raising awareness of public (drivers,

and pedestrians) about the safest, best
ways to educate them on air pollutants
and the health of the motorists.
Traffic Ecology/Environment
This pillar is very recent which
includes the study of potentially disastrous
population explosion, changes in urban
environment due to the scale and density
of new urban concentration and new
activities carried out, air pollution, water
pollution and crowding, especially
transport congestion which results therein.
Different Environmental Effects of Traffic:
1. Noise
2. Vibration
3. Air Pollution
4. Dirt
5. Visual Intrusion
6. Loss of Privacy
7. Changes in the amount of light
8. Neighborhood Severance, both physical and
sociological
9. Relocation
10.Etc.
Average background
Noise:
a.Typical home - 40 – 50 db
b.Heavy trucks - 90 db at 15m
c.Freight trains - 75 db at 15m
d.Airconditioning – 60 db at 6m
Particulate Matter (PM-10) is the most
damaging air pollutant to human health
- Eleonor Temple Callena
 Environment
Particulate Matter (PM-10) is the
term for solid or liquid particles
found in the air. Some particles
are large or dark enough to be
seen as soot or smoke. Others are
so small they can be detected only
with an electron microscope.

Particulate matter can be directly emitted or can

be formed in the atmosphere when gaseous
pollutants such as SO2 and NOx react to form
fine particles.
 5 PILLARS
of TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Traffic Economy

It refers on the economic cost for

transportation improvement, infrastructure
growth, cost of every motor vehicles as well
as the medical costs & lost productivity due
to property damage.
 This is the most recent of the pillars
of traffic which deals with the benefits and
adverse effects of traffic to our economy.
Primarily, traffic operation is designed to
expedite the movement of traffic.
However, with the prevailing traffic
congestion during rush hours in any given
locality, traffic adversely affects the
economic status of the commuting public.
Traffic Economy
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ECONOMICS
OF TRAFFIC SAFETY

(a) the supply side approach, which

addresses the cost of accidents to society
and those affected;

(b) the demand side approach, which

address the willingness of people to pay to
avoid or curb accidents;
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ECONOMICS
OF TRAFFIC SAFETY

(c) the macroeconomic consequences of

traffic accidents and of measures to improve
safety, which raises questions on the impact
of traffic safety on economic growth

and (d), who is responsible or who should

pay.
TRAFFIC LAWS,
RULES AND
REGULATIONS
 Directing the law enforcement
agencies to implement the pollution control
program
 RA 8749
Otherwise known as the Clean Air
Act.

An Act providing for the regulation of

motor vehicles emitting toxic gases like the
use of the diesel and leaded gasoline.
 RA 4136
This is the basic law regulating land
transportation in the Philippines.
It has repealed Act No. 3992 (The
Revised Motor Vehicle Law).
 RA 5448
The Act which is known as the “Anti-
Carnapping Act of 1972”, the act
preventing and penalizing carnapping.
 RA 5448
Act imposing a tax on privately
owned passenger automobiles,
motorcycles and scooters, and a science
stamp tax, to constitute a special fund
defining the programs, projects and
activities of science agencies to be
financed therefrom and for other purposes.
 RA 8750
It provides for the attachment of seat
belts for all types of motor vehicles and
imposes penalty for the non-compliance
thereof.
 RA 7924

The Act creating the Metropolitan

Manila Development Authority, defining its
powers and functions, providing funds
therefore and for other purposes.
 PD No. 96
Regulating the use of sirens, bells,
horns, etc., by providing the attachment of
any siren, horn bell, etc. on motor vehicles
which produce unusual or startling sounds
as well as blinkers and other similar
devices unless the vehicle belongs to the
AFP, NBI, PNP, LTO, BJMP, hospitals and
Fire Departments and are specifically
intended for use in emergencies.
 PD No. 101
Expediting the methods of
prescribing or modifying the lines and
modes of operations of public utility motor
vehicles in the Philippines.
 PD No. 207

Declaring as part of the laws of the

Philippines the Vienna Convention on
Road Traffic, Signs and Signals.
 PD No. 612
Requiring compulsory insurance for
all types of motor vehicles against third
party liability as an additional pre-requisite
for registration by the LTO.
 PD No. 1686
Imposing a tax on every motor
vehicle equipped with air conditioner.
 PD 1605
Granting the Metropolitan Manila
Commission certain powers related to
traffic management and control in
Metropolitan manila providing penalties,
and for other purposes.
 PD 98
Regulating the issuance of license
plates of all motor vehicles.
 PD 1181

Providing for the prevention , control

and abatement of Air Pollution from motor
vehicles and for other purposes.
 PD 1729
Authorizing the Bureau of Land
Transportation to dispose of impounded
motor vehicles unclaimed by owners for a
certain period of time.
 PD 1730
Declaring the syndicated printing,
manufacture, distribution, possession or
use of fake official Bureau of Land
transportation forms, documents, plates
and stickers as offenses involving
economic sabotage.
Registration of Motor Vehicles
Classification of Registered Motor Vehicles:
1.Private (not for hire) – These are motor
vehicles used for the personal use of the
owners.
2.Public Utility Vehicles (PUV a.k.a for hire) –
These are registered primarily for the
conveyance of passengers and other
commercial goods.
3.Government – These are motor vehicle
owned by government offices and are for
official use only.
4.Diplomat – These are issued to foreign
diplomats and consuls assigned in the Phils.
 Color of the Plate Numbers
1. Private - Green w/ white background
2. PUV/PUJ - Black w/ yellow background
3. Government - Red(Maroon) w/ white
background
4. Diplomat - Blue w/ white background
5. Commemorative Plate – These special plate
numbers are issued for specific purposes
such as fund raising for government
projects and programs.
 Schedule of Registration
Last Digit of Plate Middle Digit of Plate Weekly Deadline
Number Number (Working days of the
month only)

1- Jan 6- Jun 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2 – Feb 7 – Jul 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

3 – Mar 8 – Aug 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

4 – Apr 9 – Sep 9 0 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

5 – May 0 - Oct 29 30
 Driver’s License
Driving a motor in the Philippines as
in other countries is NOT a right but a
privilege granted by the Philippine
Government through the LTO based on
Republic Act 4136 and Batas Pambansa
Blg. 398. Further, it is a privilege which
may be suspended or revoked.
Driver’s License is a document
issued to qualified driver who possesses
the statutory qualification as provided
therefore.
It is also a public document which
has the legal presumption of genuineness.
 Duty to procure a License

Sec 19 of RA 4136 states that no person

shall operate any motor vehicle without first
procuring a license to drive for the current
year.
 Types of Driver’s License
1. International Driver’s License
Bonafide tourist and transients who are
duly licensed to operate motor vehicles in
their country may be allowed to operate
motor vehicles during their stay but not
beyond 90 days of their sojourn in the
Philippines.
2. Military Driver’s License
Enlisted personnel of the AFP operating motor
vehicles owned by the government shall be
licensed in accordance with RA 4136 but no
license or delinquency fees shall be collected
thereof.
3. Professional Driver’s License
This license is issued to a driver hired or
paid for driving or operating a motor vehicle
whether private use or for hire to the public.
4. Non-Professional Driver’s License
This kind of license is issued to
owners of privately-owned motor vehicles
or those not for hire or paid for driving.
5. Student Driver’s Permit
This kind of document is issued to
persons who desire to learn how to drive.
A student driver cannot operate a vehicle
unless accompanied by an instructor who
may either be a licensed professional or
non-professional driver.
 Drivers’ Restriction Code

1 Motorcycles/Motorized Tricycles
2 Vehicle up to 4500 kgs Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)
3 Vehicle above 4500 kgs GVW
4 Automatic clutch up to 4500 kgs GVW
5 Automatic clutch above 4500 kgs GVW
6 Articulated vehicle 1600 kgs GVW & below
7 Articulated vehicle 1601 up to to 4500 kgs GVW
8 Articulated vehicle 4501 kgs & above GVW
9 Disabled
Drivers’ Condition. The conditions for
driver’s license holder while operating a
motor vehicle are indicated as follows:
A Wear eye glasses

B Drive only with special equipment for

upper limbs
C Drive only with special equipment for
lower limbs
D Daylight driving only

E Accompanied by a person with normal

hearing
General Rules of
Road Use and
Conduct
Speed Limit and Other Rules on
Speed
Any person driving a motor vehicle on a
highway shall drive the same at a careful and
prudent speed, not greater nor less than the
reasonable and proper, having due regard for
the traffic, the width of the highway, and of any
other condition then and there existing; and no
person shall drive any motor vehicle upon a
highway at such speed as to endanger the life,
limb and property of any person, not at a speed
than will permit him to bring the vehicle to a stop
within the asurred clear distance ahead.
 Maximum Allowable Speeds
Subject to the provisions, the rate of speed of any motor
vehicle shall not exceed the following per hour:
Specified Area Passenger Motor
cars and trucks &
Motorcycle buses
s
On open country roads, with no blind 80 km 50 km
corners not closely bordered by habitations.
On “through streets” or boulevards clear of 40 km 30 km
traffic, no blind corners, when so
designated.
On city and municipal streets, with light 30 km 30 km
traffic, when not designated “through
streets”.
Through crowded streets, approaching 20 km 20 km
intersections at “blind corners”, passing
 Exceptions to the Speed Limit
a. A physician or a driver when the former responds to the
emergency.
b. The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from the
place of accident or other emergency.
c. Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency
treatment to a hospital, clinic, or any other similar place.
d. The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the AFP while in use for
official purposes in times of riot, insurrection or invasion.
e. The driver of a vehicle, when he or his passengers are in pursuit of
a criminal.
f. A law enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator of
traffic laws.
g. The driver officially operating a motor vehicle of any fire
department, provided that exemption shall not be construed to
allow useless or unnecessary fast driving of drivers
aforementioned.
Other Road Rules
1.Uniform Speed Limit
2.Lateral Placement
3.Right of way
4.Starting, stopping or turning rules
Fundamentals of
Traffic Control
 Traffic Control
It refers to procedures, devices, and
communication systems that help vehicles
and vessels safely share the same roads,
rails, waterways, or air space.
Traffic control establishes a set of rules and
instructions that drivers, pilots, train
engineers, and ship captains rely on to
avoid collisions and other hazards.
Safe travel for pedestrians is an additional
goal in highway traffic control.
 Control Techniques
1. Access-road meters to monitor and
control motorway
2. Closed-circuit television surveillance to
detect quickly any deterioration in traffic
flow; and
3. Emergency services in case of accident
and injury.
Other Traffic Control techniques
include:
1. The use of one-way streets
2. Enforcement of traffic flow regulations
3. Channelization (building of traffic islands,
turning lanes and so on)
4. The use of traffic signals.
 Highway Traffic Control
Motorists depend on traffic control devices
to avoid collision and travel safely to their
destinations.
Traffic control devices for highway travel
include signs, signal lights, pavement
markings, and a variety of devices placed
on, over, near, or even under the
roadway.
 Traffic Signs
Traffic signs are the most extensively used form of
traffic control in the United States. More than 55
million traffic signs line the nation’s roadside.
They provide information about speed limits and
road conditions.
They direct traffic along certain routes and to
specific and to specific destinations.
By using signs, traffic control planners tell drivers
what to do, what to watch for, and w here to
drive.
 Pavement Markings
Pavement markings separate opposing
streams of traffic and direct vehicles into
proper positions on the roadway
 Traffic Signal
Traffic signals are installed to permit safe
movements of vehicles and pedestrians at busy
intersections.
The signal light is probably the most easily
recognized traffic control device.
At a busy intersection in a large city, a traffic signal
may control the movements of more than
100,000 vehicles per day.
 Priority Control
Is one of the oldest method of traffic control,
one form of transportation is given priority
by restricting or banning other forms of
transportation.
 Restraints
As an alternative to banning traffic, traffic
control planners use devices to discourage
heavy use of a route.
Island built in the centers of intersections
force drivers to proceed slowly.
Speed bumps discourage high-speed
commuting through residential
neighborhoods.
Concrete median strips prevent vehicles
from making turns except at intersections.
 Functions of Traffic Signs
1. To control traffic
2. To safeguard the flow of traffic
3. To expedite traffic
4. To guide traffic and motorists
International Traffic Signs
As explained in the Vienna
convention, the system of
signs and signals which it
has prescribed is based on
the use of shapes and
colors, characteristics of
each class of sign, and
whenever possible on the
use of graphic symbols
rather than inscription with
few exceptions one of which
is the STOP sign.
 Classification of International
Traffic Signs
1. Danger Warning Signs
These signs are also known as “caution
signs”. Have equilateral triangular shape
with one side horizontal and having red
borders.
 Regulatory Signs
These are signs which impose legal
restrictions applicable at particular location
usually enforceable in the absence of such
signs.
Regulatory signs are usually round in shape
with exception of “Stop Signs” and “Yield
Signs”
Regulatory signs could be:
1.Prohibitive and restrictive signs, and
2.Mandatory signs
 Informative Signs
These signs are also known as “ guide
signs” or “direction signs”.
The rectangular shape white-colored on blue
background is used for informative signs.
Green background is usually used for route
markers and destination signs.
 Traffic Islands
These are areas within the roadway
constructed in a manner to establish
physical channels through which vehicular
traffic is guided.
 Functions of Traffic Islands
1. Segregate pedestrians and vehicles; and
2. Control streams of traffic in order to
minimize conflict, expedite traffic flow or
increase safety.
 Classification of Traffic Islands
1. Pedestrian Island
2. Traffic Island
a. Division island
b. Channeling island
c. Rotary island
 5 PILLARS
of TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
P/Dir. LEVY D. MACASIANO – PNP (ret.)
-a Lawyer and Criminologist and
Author of the book “Chemistry of Traffic”
-He introduced the
another 2 E’s in the Philippines.

Environment Economics
 Environment
MAJOR CAUSE OF TRAFFIC
IS THE HIGH DENSITY OF VEHICLES
- MAYOR BINAY -
(MAKATI CITY)

TRAFFIC IS A FORM OF CHRONIC STRESS

AND IT IS NOT A TRAUMA
BUT IT IS PART OF THE DAILY DIFFICULTY
- DR EMY LIWAG -
(EXEC-DIR. OF THE ATENEO WELLNESS CENTER)

METRO MANILA – RANKED 6TH AS THE MOST

CONGESTED CITY IN ASIA
COVERS 2 PERCENT OF THE COUNTRY’S LAND AREA
BUT ABSORBS 40%
OR 1.3 MILLION REGISTERED VEHICLES