ENERGY Module-1

ENGINEERING STEAM GENERATORS

18ME81
 COURSE
SYLLABUS

Course Objectives:

1. Understand energy scenario, energy sources and their

utilization
2. Learn about energy conversion methods
3. Study the principles of renewable energy conversion
systems.
 MODUL
E-1
STEAM GENERATORS: Coal and ash handling, Generation of steam using
forced circulation, high and supercritical pressures, LaMount, Benson, Velox,
Loeffer, Schmidt steam generators, Cooling towers and Ponds, Accessories
such as Superheaters, De-superheater, Economizers, Air preheaters.

MODULE
-2
Solar Energy: Introduction, Solar radiation at the earth’s surface, Solar
radiation measurements, Flat plate collectors, Focussing collectors, Solar
pond, Solar electric power generation-Solar photovoltaics.
Biomass Energy: Photosynthesis, photosynthetic oxygen production, energy
plantation. Bio Chemical Route: Biogas production from organic wastes by
anaerobic fermentation, Bio gas plants-KVIC, Janta, Deenbhandu models,
factors affecting bio gas generation. Thermal gasification of biomass, updraft
and downdraft gasifiers.
 MODULE -
Geothermal Energy: Forms of 3
geothermal energy, Dry steam, wet steam, hot dry
rock and magmatic chamber systems.
Tidal Energy: Tidal power, Site selection, Single basin and double basin systems,
Advantages and disadvantages of tidal energy.
Wind Energy: Wind energy-Advantages and limitations, wind velocity and wind
power, Basic components of wind energy conversion systems, horizontal and vertical
axis wind mills, coefficient of performance of a wind mill rotor, Applications of wind
energy.
MODULE
- 4 & disadvantages of water power, Hydrographs
Hydroelectric plants: Advantages
and flow duration curves-numericals, Storage
And pondage, General layout of hydel power plants-components such as Penstock,
surge tanks, spill way and draft tube and their applications, pumped storage plants,
Detailed classification of hydroelectric plants, water hammer.
Ocean Thermal Energy: Ocean thermal energy conversion, Principle and working of
Rankine cycle, Problems associated with OTEC.
 MODUL
Eof- release
NUCLEAR ENERGY Principles 5 of nuclear energy-Fusion and fission
reactions. Nuclear fuels used in the reactors, Chain reaction, Moderation, breeding,
Multiplication and thermal utilization factors. General components of a nuclear
reactor and materials, Brief description-Pressurized water reactor, Boiling water
reactor, Sodium graphite reactor, Fast Breeder reactor, Homogeneous graphite
reactor and gas cooled reactor, Radiation hazards, Shielding, Nuclear waste,
Radioactive waste disposal.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
CO1: Understand the construction and working of steam generators and their
accessories.
CO2: Identify renewable energy sources and their utilization.
CO3: Understand principles of energy conversion from alternate sources including
wind, geothermal, ocean, biomass, nuclear, hydel and tidal.
MODULE -
1
STEAM GENERATORS
Energy Sources and uses in India
Energy Sources:
a. Renewable Energy (about 16%)*
b. Non-Renewable Energy (about 84%)*
Energy Uses:
c. Industrial
d. Domestic
e. Commercial and Transportation
 Energy Scenario in India
Energy Consumption in India:
 The latest report available (31 March 2020): 370,106 MW*.
Of Which:
• Thermal Energy: 205,135 MW* from Coal
24,955 MW* from Natural Gas
,510 MW* from Diesel
Total 230,600 MW *
 Nuclear Energy: 6,780 MW*
 Renewable Energy: 45,699 MW* from Hydro Plant
87,028 MW* from other Renewable(Solar, wind etc.)

Total Energy Consumption: 370,106 MW*

 Fuels used for Steam
 Solid Fuels
Generation

 Liquid Fuels

 Gaseous Fuels
Formation of Coal
 Solid Fuels
1. Peat: It is a low grade coal and first stage in the progress of
transformation of buried vegetation in to coal. It contains huge
amount of moisture (90%) and small percentage of volatile matter
and carbon. Due to its moisture content, it is not suitable for use in
power plants. It is suitable for domestic and other purposes. It is to be
dried for about 1 to 2 months in sunlight to remove greater part of
moisture before it is to be used.
2. Lignite and brown coals: It is the intermediate stage in the
development of coal. It also possesses high content of moisture (30 to
45%) and ash and can be dried just by exposing to air.
In comparison with peat, it has high heating value and carbon. It
should be stored properly to avoid spontaneous combustion. It can be
used as fuel in pulverised form. Lignites are brown in colour and
burns with a smoky flame. These are suitable for local use only due to
difficulty of easy breaking during the transportation.
 Solid Fuels contd..
3. Bituminuous coal: It is most popular form and has low
moisture content and non disintegrating properties. It may
posses low or high ash contents which varies from 6 to 12%.
It has high percentage of volatile matter and the average
calorific value is about 31350 kJ / Kg. It may be available in
two forms, caking and non caking.
4. Anthracite Coals: It is the last stage in the formation of
coal and contains highest carbon content and has the volatile
matter of 8%. It has less heating value and ignites slowly
unless furnace temperature is high. It has high calorific value
in the range of 35500KJ/Kg. It has low ash content, zero
caking power and it is difficult to pulverize the Anthracite
coal.
 Liquid Fuels
• The liquid fuels of power plant are always by product of
petroleum.
• Crude petroleum oil contains mainly carbon and hydrogen
with small amounts of oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur.
• The chemical composition of petroleum and its derivatives is;
carbon 83-87%, hydrozen-10-14% and various percentages of
Sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen etc.,
• The hydrogen is present in the form of hydrocarbon mixtures.
The hydrogen and carbon are combined as hydrocarbons into
specialized products like gasoline, fuel oil etc.,
• The liquid fuels have higher percentage of hydrogen as
compared to coal, resulting in increased moisture loss in the
flue gases.
 Gaseous Fuels
• The gaseous fuel may either be natural gas or a artificial gas. The
artificial gas is costly, therefore only natural gas is used in steam
generation.
• Natural gas is found under beneath the earth's surface and mainly
contains methane and Ethane The calorific value is nearly equal to
21000 KJ/m3 and is colourless and odourless.
• The manufactured gases are coal gas, coke-oven gas, blast furnace
gas, producer gas and water or illuminating gas. First two are
produced by carbonizing high volatile bituminous coal. These gases
are used in boilers and some times used for commercial purposes.
• The blast furnace Gas is used in steel industry and is the by
product of blast furnace. The heating value of this gas is very low.
• Producer gas is manufactured from the partial oxidation of coal,
coke or peat when they are burnt with insufficient quantity of air.
 Factors considered for the selection of site
for Thermal power plant
1) Availability of fuel -1,500 tones of coal for every 100 MW
2) Transportation- Rope-ways or railway are the better choices
3) Availability of water-50 to 60 thousand tones of water per
houris required for
every 100 MW of power developed.

4) Ash Disposal- produce ash about 20 to 30% of fuel burnt(Many

thousand tons per day)

5) Nature of land-good bearing capacity (10 kgf/cm ) 2

6) Space Area-About 500 acres of land is necessary for every 100

MW of power produced.
Layout of Steam Power Plant
Steam Generation
Steam Generation
Steam Generation
Steam Generation
Steam Generation
 Coal Handling System
Requirements of Good coal handling plant
1. Higher reliability.
2. Less labour required.
3. Economical for medium and large capacity plants.
4. Operation is easy and smooth.
5. Can be easily started and can be economically adjusted
according to the need.
6. With reduced labour, management and control of the
plant becomes easy and smooth.
7. Minimum labour is put to unhealthy condition.
8. Losses in transport are minimized.
 Disadvantages

Disadvantages:
1. Needs continuous maintenance and repair.
2. Capital cost of the plant is increased.
3. In mechanical handling some power generated is
usually consumed, resulting in less net power
available for supply to consumers.
Coal Transfer Equipment
Belt conveyors
Screw conveyors
Bucket elevator and conveyor
Pivoted bucket conveyor
Grab bucket conveyor
Flight conveyers (or scrapers)
Skip hoists
Mass flow conveyor
Chutes.
Belt Conveyor
Belt Conveyor
 Belt Conveyor

It is basically an endless moving belt over which the coal is

moved; the belt is connected to a pair of drums at the ends, and
supported at the upper portion by a series of rollers (idlers) at
regular intervals, as illustrated in Fig. The belt is usually made of
strong and flexible materials such as rubber or canvas. Belt
conveyors are useful for transportation of large quantity of coal
over long distances in power plants. The belt is inclined at about
15-20 degrees from the charge end to the discharge end. The
average speed of belt conveyors is in the range of 50 to 100
m/minute
 Belt Conveyor

Advantages
1) It is simple in construction and operation.
2) The operation is smooth and clean.
3) It requires less power compared to other
systems.
4) Large quantities of coal can be conveyed
quickly and continuously.
5) It is comparatively cheaper in maintenance and
operation.
 Screw Conveyor

It consists of an endless
helicoids screw fitted to a
shaft. The driving
mechanism is connected
to one end of the shaft
and the other end of the
shaft is supported in an
enclosed ball bearing. The
screw while rotating in a
trough/housing transfers
coal from one end to the
other end. The following
Screw Conveyor
Screw Conveyor
 Bucket elevator
In this type of elevator, steel
V-shaped buckets are
rigidly fastened to an
endless chain going round
sprockets. The buckets are
equally spaced on the chain,
and receive their load by
dipping into coal pocket at
the lower end of the system.
The material elevated in V-
buckets is discharged either
by centrifugal force at the
top of the elevator or by
 Bucket elevator
In this type of elevator, steel
V-shaped buckets are
rigidly fastened to an
endless chain going round
sprockets. The buckets are
equally spaced on the chain,
and receive their load by
dipping into coal pocket at
the lower end of the system.
The material elevated in V-
buckets is discharged either
by centrifugal force at the
top of the elevator or by
Grab Bucket elevator
 Grab Bucket elevator

It consists of a crane which can lift the coal and move

Circumferentially in a given location. This system is most
suitable for handling coal at the coal store yard. Thus used
to load coal from the yard to the wagon tippler, which then
moves inside the plant. This elevator has the unique
advantage of operating as a crane as well as moving in all
directions. This helps in lifting the coal using the, grab
bucket from the yard, change its direction, move to the
required distance and unload it onto the wagon tippler..
Flight Conveyor (Scraper)
 Flight Conveyor (Scraper)

It is generally used for transfer of coal when filling of number

of storage bins situated under the conveyor is required. It
consists of one or two strands of chain, to which steel
scrapers are attached. The scraper scraps the coal through a
trough and the coal is discharged in the bottom of the trough
as shown in fig. Capacity of a conveyor of this type may
range from 10 to 100 tons per hour. It is used extensively for
conveying coal horizontally and for inclinations up to 35°
 Ash Handling System and Equipments

A huge quantity of ash is produced in central stations,

sometimes being as much as 10 to 20% of the total quantity
of coal burnt in a day. Hundreds of tones of ash may have
to be handled every day in large power stations and
mechanical devices become indispensable. The commonly
used equipments for ash handling are as follows.
 Mechanical Handling System.
 Hydraulic System.
 Pneumatic System.
 Ash Handling System and Equipments
 A huge quantity of ash is produced in central stations, sometimes being
as much as 10 to 20% of the total quantity of coal burnt in a day
 Handling of ash is a problem because ash coming out of the furnace is
too hot, it is dusty and irritating to handle and is accompanied by some
poisonous gas. Ash needs to be quenched before handling due to
following reasons
– Quenching reduces corrosion action of the ash.
– It reduces the dust accompanying the ash.
– It reduces temperature of the ash.
– Ash forms clinkers by fusing in large lumps and by
quenching clinkers will disintegrate.
 Characteristics of Good Ash Handling System
1. It should have enough capacity to cope with the volume of ash that may be
produced in a station.
2. It should be able to handle large clinkers, boiler refuse, soot etc. with little
personal attention of the workmen.
3. It should be able to handle hot and wet ash effectively and with good speed.
4. It should be possible to minimize the corrosive or abrasive action of ashes and
dust nuisance should not exist.
5. The plant should not cost much.
6. The operation charges should be minimum possible.
7. The operation of the plant should be noiseless as much as possible.
8. The plant should be able to operate effectively under all variable load conditions.
9. In case of addition of units, it should need minimum changes in original layout
of plant.
Mechanical Ash Handling System
Hydraulic Ash Handling System
Pneumatic Ash Handling System
 Generation of steam using Natural and Forced
• circulation
In a good boiler design, proper
circulation of water is essential to
generate steam.
• The water is required to be
circulated from the boiler drum
through the water tubes for heat
absorption generation of steam
and back to the drum.
• This circulation can be achieved by
two means natural circulation and
forced circulation.
• Natural circulation of water takes
place due to difference in densities
of cold water and hot water.
 Generation of steam using Natural and Forced
• circulation
In this type of circulation, saturated water comes
down the boiler drum by gravity through the
downcomer tube, and reaches the bottom header of
the water tubes (see Fig).
• The water from the bottom header rises up through
the riser tubes. As the heat is absorbed by the riser
tube, the water partially boils with the formation of
bubbles/steam and then flows back to the boiler
drum.
• The density of the steam water mixture in the riser
tube is lower than the density of the saturated
water in the downcomer.
• This difference in density sets up circulation current
from the downcomer to the riser to the drum. As
the steam formation takes place, the water loss is
compensated by the continuous supply of feed
water to the drum, and the wet steam from the
boiler drum is taken through the superheater and
finally for use in the turbine.
 Generation of steam using Natural and Forced
• Forced Circulation: circulation
• At critical pressure (180 bar), the natural
circulation of water is completely
stopped. In such situations, the water
has to be subjected to forced circulation.
• For this purpose, a circulation pump is
used (as shown in fig.) in downcomer
line.
• The flow rate of the saturated water in
the downcomer and the flow rate of the
steam from the boiler drum are related
by the term circulation ratio.
• The circulation ratio should be kept
between 6 and 25.
 BOILERS
• Boiler is an apparatus to produce steam. Thermal energy
released by combustion of fuel is transferred to water,
which vaporizes and gets converted into steam at the
desired temperature and pressure.
• The steam produced is used for:
• (i) Producing mechanical work by expanding it in steam engine or
steam turbine.
• (ii) Heating the residential and industrial buildings
• (iii) Performing certain processes in the sugar mills, chemical and
textile industries.
• Boiler is a closed vessel in which water is converted into steam by the
application of heat.
 Definition
• Boiler is a closed metallic vessel in which the water is heated
beyond the boiling state at required temperature and pressure
by the application of heat liberated by the combustion of fuels
to convert it into Steam.
 Classification of boilers
• Based on Position of Vessel: Horizontal, vertical or inclined
• Type of Circulation: Fire tube and Water tube boilers
• Place of Combustion of Fuel: Externally fired and internally
fired
• Type of Circulation of Water: Forced circulation and natural
circulation
• Based on Working Pressure: High pressure and low pressure
• Based on mobility: Stationary and portable
• Number of tubes used in boiler: Single tube and multi tube
Water tube boiler
FIRE tube boiler
•
BOILERS
Usually boilers are coal or oil fired. A boiler should fulfill the following
requirements

• (i) Safety. The boiler should be safe under operating conditions.

• (ii) Accessibility. The various parts of the boiler should be accessible for repair
and maintenance.
• (iii) Capacity. The boiler should be capable of supplying steam according to the
requirements.
• (iv) Efficiency. To permit efficient operation, the boiler should be able to absorb
a maximum amount of heat produced due to burning of fuel in the furnace.
• (v) It should be simple in construction and its maintenance cost should be low.
• (vi) Its initial cost should be low.
• (vii) The boiler should have no joints exposed to flames.
• (viii) The boiler should be capable of quick starting and loading
 LA MONT BOILER

• A forced circulation boiler was

first introduced in 1925 by La
Mont. The arrangement of water
circulation and different
components are shown in Fig.
• The feed water from hot well is
supplied to a storage and
separating drum (boiler) through
the economizer. Most of the
sensible heat is supplied to the
feed water passing through the
economizer.
• A pump circulates the water at a
rate 8 to 10 times the mass of
steam evaporated. This water is
circulated through the evaporator
tubes and the part of the vapour
is separated in the separator
drum. The largquantity of water
 LA MONT BOILER

• A pump circulates the water at

a rate 8 to 10 times the mass of
steam evaporated.
• This water is circulated through
the evaporator tubes and the
part of the vapour is separated
in the separator drum.
• The large quantity of water
circulated (10 times that of
evaporation) prevents the tubes
from being overheated.
• The centrifugal pump delivers
the water to the headers at a
pressure of 2.5 bar above the
drum pressure.
• The distribution headers
 LA MONT BOILER

• The steam separated in

the boiler is further
passed through the
super-heater Secure a
uniform flow of feed
water through each of
the parallel boiler
circuits a choke is fitted
entrance to each circuit.
• These boilers have been
built to generate 45 to
50 tonnes of
superheated steam at a
pressure of 120 bar and
temperature of 500°C.
 BENSON BOILER
• The main difficulty experienced in the La Mont
boiler is the formation and attachment of
bubbles on the inner surfaces of the heating
tubes.
• The attached bubbles reduce the heat flow
and steam generation as it offers higher
thermal resistance compared to water film
• 1. Benson in 1922 argued that if the boiler
pressure was raised to critical pressure (225
atm.), the steam and water would have the
same density and therefore the danger of
bubble formation can be completely
eliminated.
• 2. Natural circulation boilers require expansion
joints but these are not required for Benson as
the pipes are welded. The erection of Benson
boiler is easier and quicker as all the parts are
welded at site and workshop job of tube
expansion is altogether avoided.
• 3. The transport of Benson boiler parts is easy as no drums are
required and majority of the parts are carried to the site
without pre-assembly.
• 4. The Benson boiler can be erected in a comparatively smaller
floor area. The space problem does not control the size of
Benson boiler used.
• 5. The furnace walls of the boiler can be more efficiently
protected by using small diameter and close pitched tubes.
• 6. The superheater in the Benson boiler is an integral part of
forced circulation system, therefore no special starting
arrangement for superheater is required.
• 7. The Benson boiler can be started very quickly because of
welded joints.
• 8. The Benson boiler can be operated most economically by
varying the temperature and pressure at partial loads and
overloads. The desired temperature can also be maintained
constant at any pressure.
• 9. Sudden fall of demand creates circulation problems due to
bubble formation in the Natural circulation boiler which never
occurs in Benson boiler.
 LOEFFLER BOILER

• The major difficulty experienced in Benson boiler is the

deposition of salt and sediment on the inner surfaces
of the water tubes. The deposition reduced the heat
transfer and ultimately the generating capacity.
• This further increased the danger of overheating the
tubes due to salt deposition as it has high thermal
resistance.
• The difficulty was solved in Loeffler boiler by preventing
the flow of water into the boiler tubes.
• Most of the steam is generated outside from the
feedwater using part of the superheated steam coming
out from the boiler.
• The pressure feed pump draws the water through the
economiser and delivers it into the evaporator drum as
shown in the figure.
• About 65% of the steam coming out of superheater is
passed through the evaporator drum in order to
evaporate the feed water coming from economizer.
 LOEFFLER BOILER

• The steam circulating pump draws the

saturated steam from the evaporator
drum and is passed through the radiant
superheater and then connective super
heater from the superheater is
supplied to the H.P. steam turbine.
• The steam coming out from H.P passed
through reheater before supplying to
L.P. turbine as shown in the figure.
• The amount of steam generated in the
evaporator drum is equal to the steam
tapped (65%) from the superheater.
• The nozzles which distribute the
superheated steam through the water
into the evaporator drum are of special
design to avoid priming and noise.
 SCHMIDT-HARTMANN BOILER

• The operation of the boiler

is similar to an electric
transformer. Two
pressures are used to
effect an interchange of
energy.
• In the primary circuit, the
steam at 100 bar is
produced from distilled
water. This steam is passed
through a submerged
heating coil which is
located in an evaporator
drum as shown in the
figure.
 SCHMIDT-HARTMANN BOILER

• The high pressure steam in this coil

possesses sufficient thermal
potential and steam at 60 bar with a
heat transfer rate of 2.5 kW/m2 -°C
is generated in the evaporator drum.
• The steam produced in the
evporator drums from impure water
is further passed through the
superheater and then supplied to
the prime-mover.
• The high pressure condensate
formed in the submerged heating
coil is circulated through a low
pressure feed heater on its way to
raise the feed water temperature to
its saturation temperature.
Therefore, only latent heat is
supplied in the evaporator drum.
 VELOX-BOILER

• Now, it is known fact that when the gas

velocity exceeds the sound-velocity, the
heat is transferred from the gas at a
much higher rate than rates achieved
with sub-sonic flow.
• The advantages of this theory are taken
to effect the large heat transfer from a
smaller surface area in this boiler.
• Air is compressed to 2.5 bar with an help
of a compressor run by gas turbine
before supplying to the combusion
chamber to get the supersonic velocity of
the gases passing through the
combustion chamber and gas tubes and
high heat release rates (40 MW/m3).
• The burned gases in the combustion
chamber are passed through the annulus
of the tubes as shown in figure.
 VELOX-BOILER
• The heat is transferred from gases to
water while passing through the
annulus to generate the steam.
• The mixture of water and steam thus
formed then passes into a separator
which is so designed that the mixture
enters with a spiral flow.
• The centrifugal force thus produced
causes the heavier water particles to
be thrown outward on the walls.
• This effect separates the steam from
water and then supplied to the
prime-mover. The water removed
from steam in the separator is again
passed into the water tubes with the
help of a pump.
 VELOX-BOILER
• The gases coming out from the annulus at the
top are further passed over the superheater
where its heat is used-for superheating the
steam.
• The gases coming out of superheater are
used to run a gas turbine as they carry
sufficient kinetic energy. The power output of
the gas turbine is used to run the air
compressor.
• The exhaust gases coming out from the gas
turbine are passed through the economizer
to utilise the remaining heat of the gases.
• The extra power required to run the
compressor is supplied with the help of
electric motor.
• Feed water of 10 to 20 times the weight of
steam generated is circulated through the
tubes with the help of water circulating
pump. This prevents the overheating of metal
walls.
 Cooling Ponds and Towers
The cooling towers are desired when positive control on the
temperature of water is required, the space occupied by the
cooling system is considerable factor and the plant is situated
near load center and far away from the adequate natural
resources of cooling water.
The rate of evaporation of water in cooling tower and subsequent reduction in
water temperature depends upon the following factors :
– Amount of water surface area exposed.
– The time of exposure.
– The relative velocity of air passing over the water droplets
formed in cooling tower.
– The R.H. of air and difference between the inlet air WBT and
water inlet temperature.
– The direction of air flow relative to water.
 Types of cooling towers
1. Natural Draft Cooling
Towers:
The natural draft cooling tower is
an open, direct-contact system.
It works using a heat exchanger,
allowing hot water from the
system to be cooled through
direct contact with fresh air.
To increase the heat transfer
surface area (and optimize the
cooling process), hot water is
sprayed from nozzles within the
tower.
 Forced Draft Cooling Tower
The forced draft cooling
towers remove low-potential
heat generated in the
production process.
They use atmospheric cooling
with wet technology and
forced draft.
A counterflow of air and hot
water in the cooling fill results
in a heat transfer.

Fil
l
 Induced Draft Cooling Tower
• An induced draft tower is a type of
mechanical draft tower which has
one or more fans, located at the top
of the tower, that draw air upwards
against the downward flow of
water passing around the wooden
decking or packing.
• Since the airflow is counter to the
water flow, the coolest water at the
bottom is in contact with the driest
air while the warmest water at the
top is in contact with the moist air,
resulting in increased heat transfer
efficiency.
• Induced draft tower comes in
square or round shape and the
distribution of water may be done
either by static branch system or by
 Boiler Accessories: Economiser
The function of an economiser is to heat
the feed water, before being supplied to
the boiler, using the products of
combustion discharged from the boiler.
Generally feed water is heated 20-30°C
below the boiling point.
The economiser makes use of waste flues,
recovers heat energy and hence the name
economiser. Thus the economiser
increases the boder efficiency.
As an approximation, it is shown that the
boiler efficiency increases by 1% for every
6ºC raise in the feed water temperature.
The working principle of an economiser is
schematically illustrated in Fig.
 Boiler Accessories:
The function of an air preheater, as the
Air pre-heater
name indicates, is to preheat the air being
supplied to the furnace for combustion.
This makes use of the flues discharged
from the furnace and from the
economiser. As this also recovers further
heat from the flues, it increases the boiler
efficiency.
An increase in temperature of the air by
20°C increases the boiler efficiency by 1%.
Some times, it can be considered as the
secondary function of an air preheater to
heat the air which is being used to dry the
coal (to remove the moisture) in the
pulverising mills.
This helps in proper grinding of the coal
and further combustion of the pulverised
 Boiler Accessories: Super Heater
The schematic arrangement of a
typical superheater is illustrated
in Fig. It is a coil of steel tubes
placed in the path of the hot
flues. The wet steam from the
boiler drum is passed through
the superheater coils, which
absorb heat from the flues and
get superheated.
Superheaters can be classified
based on the heat transfer
method. There are two types of
superheaters, as follows:
a) Convective superheater
 Boiler Accessories: Super Heater
This is the primary superheater,
that receives nearly saturated
steam from the boiler drum.
This superheater is located in
the convective zone of the
furnace, just before the
economiser.
b) Radiant superheater-
absorbs heat from the hot
gases by radiation. This is the
secondary superheater, that
receives steam from the
primary superheater. This
superheater is located
Boiler Accessories: Steam Separator
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