Introduction to

Operating Systems
Operating systems are the fundamental software that manages a
computer's resources and provides an interface for users and
applications to interact with the hardware. They play a crucial role in
the efficient functioning of modern computing devices.

by abdul rihan
Simple Batch Operating System
1 Job Submission
Users submit their jobs to a central queue.

2 Job Execution
The operating system executes the jobs in the order they were received.

3 Output Retrieval
Users collect the completed output from the system.
Advantages of Simple Batch
Operating System
1 Efficient Resource Utilization
The system can optimize the use
of hardware resources by running
multiple jobs in sequence.
2 Reduced Overhead
The simplified nature of batch
processing minimizes the
administrative and management
overhead.

3 Faster Turnaround Time

Jobs are processed in the order they are received, leading to a more predictable
turnaround time.
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System

Limited Lack of Interactivity Inflexibility

Responsiveness
Batch systems do not The rigid structure of
Users have to wait for provide a interactive batch processing makes it
their jobs to be scheduled environment for users to difficult to accommodate
and processed, resulting monitor and control their changing user needs and
in poor responsiveness. jobs. priorities.
Multiprogrammed Operating System
Concurrency Resource Sharing Improved
Responsiveness
Multiprogrammed systems Programs can share
can execute multiple common resources like CPU, Users experience faster
programs simultaneously, memory, and I/O devices, response times as the
improving overall system leading to more efficient system can switch between
utilization. usage. active programs quickly.
Advantages of Multiprogrammed
Operating System

Increased Productivity Improved User Efficient Resource

Multiprogrammed systems
can keep the CPU and other
resources busy, maximizing
utilization and throughput.
Experience Management
Users benefit from faster The operating system can
response times and the dynamically allocate and
ability to run multiple share resources among active
programs concurrently. programs.
Disadvantages of Multiprogrammed
Operating System

Increased Complexity Potential for Conflicts Overhead and

Performance Impact
Multiprogrammed systems
require more sophisticated Programs may compete for The additional
algorithms and limited resources, leading management tasks can
mechanisms to manage to conflicts and potential introduce overhead and
the additional complexity. deadlocks. impact the overall system
performance.
Conclusion
Operating systems have evolved from simple batch processing to
more sophisticated multiprogrammed architectures. Each approach
has its own advantages and trade-offs, making them suitable for
different computing environments and user requirements.