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Lec 1 Conv. & Non Conv.
Lec 1 Conv. & Non Conv.
A.Conventional Sources
• Thermal (Coal)
• Nuclear
• Gas
• Oil
B.Non conventional Sources
• Wind
• Water
• Solar- PV
• Biomass
Why electricity is important?
• Electricity is emerged as basic necessity with Food,
Shelter and Clothing for human being.
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal Extraction and Use
• Mining is dangerous to humans and
the environment
• Coal burning releases large amounts
of air pollution, and is the largest
single source of acid rain in many
areas.
• Economic damages are billions of
dollars
• 900 million tons of coal are burned in
the U.S. for electric power generation.
As a result, multiple pollutants are
released such as:
• 70% of nuclear power plants are pressurized water reactors (PWRs). Water is
circulated through the core to absorb heat from fuel rods. The heated water is
then pumped to a steam generator where it heats a secondary loop. Steam
from the secondary loop drives a high-speed turbine making electricity.
• Both reactor vessel and steam generator are housed in a special containment
building. This prevents radiation from escaping and provides extra security in
case of accidents. Under normal operations, a PWR releases little radioactivity.
Reactor Design
Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that
comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a
human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves,
and geothermal heat.
• Political Concerns
• Business Opportunities
SOLAR ENERGY
• Photosynthesis
• Passive solar heat is using
absorptive structures with no
moving parts to gather and hold
heat. Greenhouse design
• Active solar heat is when a system
pumps a heat-absorbing medium
through a collector, rather than
passively collecting heat in a
stationary object.
Mean solar energy striking the upper atmosphere is 1,330 watts per square
meter. The amount reaching the earth’s surface is 10,000 times > all
commercial energy used annually. Until recently, this energy source has been
too diffuse and low intensity to capitalize for electricity production.
High-Temperature Solar Energy
•Parabolic mirrors are curved
reflective surfaces that collect light
and focus it onto a concentrated
point. It involves two techniques:
Keeping in view the fact that the benefits of solar energy for power
generation can be attained in areas where abundant barren land is
available and no other development activities like agriculture,
livestock, industry etc. is possible. Such areas include the following:
Most part of Balochistan Province
Yearly Cumulative
Year Projects
Capacity (MW)
2016 6 46
2017 3 150
2018 22 513.6
Total 31 709.6
Solar Upfront Tariff
• Upfront Tariff has been awarded to 07 IPPs for 147.52 MW by
NEPRA; 100 MW by QA Solar (Pvt.) Ltd. is installed under the
LOI issued by PPDB; project documents are being negotiated
for commercial operation of the project. Following 06 projects
of 47.52 MW projects are being issued LoS binding them to
achieve financial close by December 31, 2015.
11.52 MW M/s Access Solar (Pvt.) Ltd. Upfront Tariff US Cents 17.01/kWh
10 MW M/s Access Electric (Pvt.) Ltd. Upfront Tariff US Cents 17.01/kWh
10 MW M/s Bakhsh Solar (Pvt.) Ltd. Upfront Tariff US Cents 16.30/kWh
5 MW M/s Sanjwal (Pvt.) Ltd. Upfront Tariff US Cents 17.01/kWh
10 MW M/s Safe Solar (Pvt.) Ltd. Upfront Tariff US Cents 16.30/kWh
1 MW M/s Blue Star Hydro (Pvt.) Ltd. Upfront Tariff US Cents 17.01/kWh
Power Generation in Pakistan
FUEL CELLS • Fuel cells use ongoing electrochemical
reactions to produce electrical current
• Fuel cells provide direct-current electricity as
long as supplied with hydrogen and oxygen.
• Hydrogen is supplied as pure gas, or a
reformer can be used to strip hydrogen from
other fuels.
• Fuel cells run on pure oxygen and hydrogen
produce only drinkable water and radiant
heat.
• Reformer releases some pollutants, but far
below conventional fuel levels.
• Fuel cell efficiency is 40-45%.
• Positive electrode (anode) and negative
electrode (cathode) separated by electrolyte
which allows charged atoms to pass, but is
impermeable to electrons. Electrons pass
through external circuit, and generate
electrical current.
BIOMASS
Fuel-wood Crisis
Wind
Geothermal
Tidal
Wave
Hydropower
• Water power produces 25% of
the world’s electricity and it is
clean, renewable energy.
[4 IEA. United Kingdom. National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) [cited
2017 8 June]. Available from: 〈https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/
unitedkingdom/name-39191-en.php?s=dHlwZT1yZSZzdGF0dXM9T2s, & return=
PG5hdiBpZD0iYnJlYWRjcnVtYiI-PGEgaHJlZj0iLyI-SG9tZTwvYT4gJnJhcXVvO
yA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy8iPlBvbGljaWVzIGFuZCBNZWFzdX
JlczwvYT4gJnJhcXVvOyA8YSBocmVmPSIvcG9saWNpZXNhbmRtZWFzdXJlcy9yZW5ld2Fi
bGVlbmVyZ3kvIj5SZW5ld2FibGUgRW5lcmd5PC9hPjwvbmF2Pg〉.
[5] IEA. Sweden. National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) [cited 2017 8 June]
Available from: 〈https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/sweden/name-
40146-en.php〉.
References
[6] IEA. Spain. National Renewable Energy Action Plan
2011–2020 [cited 2017 8 June]. Available
from:〈http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/spai
n/name24876en.php?
S=dHlwZT1yZSZzdGF0dXM9T2s,&return=PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0ic
3ViTWVudSI-
PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0iYnJlYWRjcnVtYnMiPjxhIGhyZWY9I
i8iPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgRW5lcmd5IEFnZW5jeSZ6d25q
OzwvYT4mbmJzcDsmZ3Q7Jm5ic3A7PGEgaH〉.
[7] WEC. Energy resources. 2016 [cited 2017 8 June]
Available from:. 〈https://www.
worldenergy.org/data/resources/〉.
References
[8] AEDB. Potential and progress in small hydropower. 2017 [cited 6
June] Available from:. 〈http://www.aedb.org/index.php/ae-
technologies/small-hydro〉.