Lecture No 06

EEE-435

Industrial Electronics
Text Book: Chapter 07 (Industrial electronics by Frank D. Petruzella

 Timing & Latching Relay

 Relay Logic

Instructor: Usman Nasim

Electrical Engineering Department

1
Advantages of SSR over EMR
• Solid-state relays have several advantages over electromechanical
types:
• The SSR is more reliable and has a longer life because it has no
moving parts.
• It is compatible with transistor and IC circuitry and does not generate
as much electromagnetic interference.
• The SSR is more resistant to shock and vibration, has a much faster
response time, and does not exhibit contact bounce.
ON-DELAY TIMER
• The on-delay timer is sometimes referred to as DOE, which stands for
delay on energize. The time delay of the contacts begins once the timer
is switched on; hence the term on-delay timing.
• Figure 7-18 shows the NEMA symbols for the on-delay timer normally
open (NO) and normally closed (NC) contacts. The operation of the
timed contacts can be summarized as follows.
• Once initiated, DOE timed contacts change state after a set time period
has passed.
• After that time has passed, all normally open timed contacts close and
all normally closed contacts open.
• Once the timed contacts change state, they will remain in this position
until the power is removed from the coil or electronic circuit.
• The circuit shown in Figure 7-19 illustrates the timing function of an on-delay
timing relay. In this example a simple dashpot timer with a time delay setting of
10 seconds can be assumed. The same operation applies to electronic timers
that perform a similar function. The operation of the circuit can be summarized
as follows.
• When the switch is closed, power is applied to the coil but the contacts are
delayed from changing position.
• With the switch still closed, after the 10-second timing period the normally open
contacts (TR1-1) close to energize load 1 and the normally closed contacts (TR1-
2) open to deenergize load 2.
• If the switch is then opened, the coil deenergizes immediately, returning both
timed contacts to their normal state, switching load 1 on and load 2 off.
OFF-Delay Timer
• The off-delay timer is sometimes referred to as DODE, which stands
for delay on deenergize. The operation of the off-delay timer is the
exact opposite of that of the on-delay timer. When power is applied
to the coil or electronic circuit, the timed contacts will change state
immediately. When power is removed, however, there is a time delay
before the timed contacts change to their normal deenergized
positions. Figure 7-20 shows the standard NEMA symbols and
illustrates the timing function of an off-delay timing relay.
• Figure 7-21 shows the wiring diagram for the automatic pumping
down of a pump using a level sensor switch and plug-in cube-type off-
delay timer.
Latching Relays
• Latching relays typically use a mechanical latch or permanent magnet
to hold the contacts in their last energized position without the need
for continued application of coil power.
• They are especially useful in applications where power must be
conserved, such as a battery-operated device, or where it is desirable
to have a relay stay in one position if power is interrupted.
Mechanical Latching Relays

• Mechanical latching relays use a locking mechanism to hold their

contacts in their last set position until commanded to change state,
usually by energizing a second coil.
• Figure 7-26 shows a two-coil mechanical latching relay. The latch coil
requires only a single pulse of current to set the latch and hold the
relay in the latched position.
• Similarly, the unlatch or release coil is momentarily energized to
disengage the mechanical latch and return the relay to the unlatched
position.
• Figure 7-27 illustrates the operation of a two-coil mechanical latching
relay circuit. There is no “normal” position for the contacts of a
latching relay. The contact is shown with the relay in the unlatched
condition— that is, as if the unlatch coil were the last one energized.
• The operation of the circuit can be summarized as follows.
• In the unlatched state, the circuit to the pilot light is open, so the light is off.
• When the on button is momentarily actuated, the latch coil is energized to set the
relay to its latched position.
• The contacts close, completing the circuit to the pilot light, so the light is switched
on.
• Note that the relay coil does not have to be continuously energized to hold the
contacts closed and keep the light on. The only way to switch the lamp off is to
actuate the off button, which will energize the unlatch coil and return the
contacts to their open, unlatched state.
• In cases of power loss, the relay will remain in its original latched or unlatched
state when power is restored. This arrangement is sometimes referred to as a
memory relay.
Magnetic latching relays
• Magnetic latching relays are typically single-coil relays designed to be polarity
sensitive. When voltage is momentarily applied to the coil with a
predetermined polarity, the relay will latch. A permanent magnet is used to
hold the contacts in the latch position without the need for continued power
to the coil. When the polarity is reversed, and current momentarily applied to
the coil, the armature will push away from the coil, overcoming the holding
effect of the permanent magnet, causing the contacts to unlatch or reset.
• Figure 7-28 shows a single coil magnetic latching relay used with an 11-pin
octagon-base plug-in socket. The direction of current flow through the coil
determines the position of the relay contacts. Repeated pulses from the same
input have no effect. The DPDT relay contacts can handle control circuit loads
and are shown with in the relay reset position.
Latching Relay Applications
• The latching relay has several advantages in electrical circuit design.
• For example, it is common in a control circuit to have to remember
when a particular event takes place and not permit certain functions
once this event occurs.
• Running out of a part on an assembly line may signal the shutdown of
the process by momentarily energizing the unlatch coil. The latch coil
would then have to be momentarily energized before further
operations could occur.
• Another application for a latching relay involves power failure. Circuit
continuity during power failures is often important in automatic
processing equipment, where a sequence of operations must continue
from the point of interruption after power is resumed rather than return
to the beginning of the sequence.
• In applications similar to this, it is important not to have the relay
control any devices that could create a safety hazard if they were to
restart after a power interruption.
• Latching relays are useful in applications where power must be
conserved, such as a battery-operated device.
• Figure 7-29 shows a simplified diagram for a battery- operated
latching alarm circuit. The circuit uses a latching relay to conserve
power. Regardless of whether the circuit is reset or latched there is no
current drain on the battery.
• Momentarily closing any normally open sensor switch will cause the
relay to latch, closing the contact to power the alarm circuit. The
manual reset button must be depressed with all sensors in their
normally open state to reset the circuit.
Relay Control Logic

• Digital signals are the language of modern day computers.

• Digital signals comprise only two states, which can be expressed as on
or off. A relay can be considered digital in nature because it is basically
an on/off, two-state device.
• It is common practice to use relays to make logical control decisions in
motor control circuits. The primary programming language for
programmable logic controllers (PLCs) is based on relay control logic
and ladder diagrams.
Control Circuit Inputs and Outputs

• Most electrical control circuits can be divided into two separate

sections consisting of an input and output. The input section provides
the signals and includes such devices as manually operated switches
and push buttons, automatically operated pressure, temperature,
float, limit, and sensor switches, as well as relay contacts.
• In general, input signals initiate or stop the flow of current by closing
or opening the control devices contacts.
• The output section of the control circuit provides the action and
includes such devices as contactors, motor starters, heater units, relay
coils, indicator lights, and solenoids.
• Outputs are load devices that directly or indirectly carry out the
actions of the input section. The action is considered direct when
devices such as solenoids and pilot lights are energized as a direct
result of the input logic. The action is considered indirect when the
coils in relays, contactors, and starters are energized. This is because
these coils operate contacts, which actually control the load.
• Motor control circuits may have one or more inputs controlling one or
more outputs. A combination of input devices that either manually or
automatically sense a condition—and the corresponding change in
condition performed by the output device—make up the core of
motor control.
• Figure 7-33 illustrates typical inputs and outputs of a control ladder diagram. The
control logic for the circuit can be summarized as follows.
• Relay coil CR is energized when the on/off switch is closed and acts to close the CR-1
contact and open the CR-2 contact.
• For the horn to energize and sound, both the CR-1 contact and the limit switch must
be closed.
• The solenoid is energized and operates whenever the CR-2 contact or float switch is
closed.
• When the temperature switch closes, the contactor coil energizes and acts to close the
C1 contact.
• At the same time the circuit is completed to the red pilot light, switching it on.
• The heater unit is energized and operates whenever contact C1 is closed.
AND Logic Function

• Logic is the ability to make decisions when one or more different factors must be
taken into consideration. Control logic functions describe how inputs interact
with each other to control the outputs and include AND, OR, NOT, NAND, and
NOR functions.
• In electronic circuits these functions are implemented using digital circuits
known as gates.
• The AND logic function operates like a series circuit. AND logic is used when two
or more inputs are connected in series and they all must be closed in order to
energize the output load. Figure 7-34 shows a simple application of the
• AND logic function. Most AND logic circuits use normally open input devices
connected in series. In this application both the temperature switch and the float
switch inputs must be closed to energize the solenoid output.
OR logic function
• The OR logic function operates like a parallel circuit. OR logic is used
when two or more inputs are connected in parallel and any one of the
inputs can close to energize the output load.
• Figure 7-35 shows a simple application of the OR logic function. Most
OR logic circuits use normally open input devices connected in
parallel.
• In this circuit, any one of the two pushbutton inputs can close to
energize the motor starter coil load.