INTRODUCTION TO DBMS

Prasad C N,
Dept of Computers
St Josephs College
Bengaluru-27.
 Data: Collection of raw fact and figures.
 Information: Processed data is called information.

 Database: A database is an organized collection of

data, so that it can be easily accessed and managed.
 A) Tuple: A single row of a table, which contains a
single record for that relation, is called a tuple.
 B) Domain: a domain is the collection of values that a
data element may contain
 C) Database Schema: Description of a database is
called database schema.
 Student database:

Domain1 Domain2 Domain3 Domain4 Domain5

Database Slno Sname Sregno Class Phone

Schema
 Tuple1
1 Ramesh Bsc01 Bsc 98452

2 Umesh Bsc02 Bsc 98451

 Tuple2
3 Suresh Bsc03 Bsc 99450
 Tuple3
 Database Schema: Description of a database is called
database schema.
 DBMS: DBMS is software designed to store, retrieve, define,
and manage data in a database.
 File oriented system: A File Management system is a DBMS
that allows access to single files or tables at a time.
 Disadvantage of file oriented system:

 1) Data redundancy: Data redundancy occurs when the

same piece of data exists in multiple places,
 2) Difficult in accessing data: Accessing data is not
convenient and efficient in file processing system.
 3) Data isolation: Data isolation is a property that determines
when and how changes made by one operation become visible
to other concurrent users and systems.
 4) Concurrent access anomalies: Concurrent access to data
means more than one user is accessing the same data at the
same time.
 5) Security: Its low compared to database management
system.
 6) Integrity problem: The data present in the database
should be consistent and correct. To achieve this, the data
should must satisfy certain constraints.
 Database administrators: DBA design, write and take care
of computer database systems so that the right person can
get the information they need at the right time
 Roles and responsibility of DBA:
 working with database software to find ways to store,
organize and manage data.
 Troubleshooting.

 keeping databases up to date.

 helping with database design and development.

 managing database access.

 designing maintenance procedures and putting them into

operation.
 ensuring that databases meet user requirements.

 managing database security/integrity and backup

procedures.
 implementing security measures.
 defining objectives through consultation with staff at all
levels.
 writing reports, documentation and operating manuals.

 testing and modifying databases to ensure that they operate

reliably.
 providing user training, support and feedback.

 writing disaster recovery plans.

 Three Schema architecture:

 Internal Level:
 The internal schema is also known as a physical schema.
 The internal level has an internal schema which describes the
physical storage structure of the database.
 It uses the physical data model. It is used to define that how
the data will be stored in a block.

 Conceptual Level:
 Programmers and database administrators work at this level
 The conceptual schema describes the design of a database at
the conceptual level. Conceptual level is also known as
logical level.
 The conceptual schema describes the structure of the whole
database.
 The conceptual level describes what data are to be stored
in the database and also describes what relationship
exists among those data.
 In the conceptual level, internal details such as an
implementation of the data structure are hidden.
 Database users:

 These are seven types of data base users in DBMS.

 1) Database Administrator (DBA) :

Database Administrator (DBA) is a person/team who
defines the schema and also controls the 3 levels of
database.
 2) Naive / Parametric End Users :
Parametric End Users are the unsophisticated who don’t
have any DBMS knowledge but they frequently use the
data base applications in their daily life to get the desired
results.
 For examples, Railway’s ticket booking users are naive
users. Clerks in any bank is a naive user because they
don’t have any DBMS knowledge but they still use the
database and perform their given task.
 3) System Analyst :
System Analyst is a user who analyzes the
requirements of the users.
 4) Sophisticated Users :
Sophisticated users can be engineers, scientists, business
analyst, who are familiar with the database. They can
develop their own database applications according to
their requirement.
 5) Data Base Designers :
Data Base Designers are the users who design the structure
of database which includes tables, indexes, views,
constraints, triggers, stored procedures.
 6) Application Program :
Application Program are the back end programmers who
writes the code for the application programs.
 7) Casual Users / Temporary Users :
Casual Users are the users who occasionally use/access the
data base.

Thank you