CROP SCIENCE

WHAT IS CROP SCIENCE?

• Crop Science is a multi-disciplinary field which focuses on

research and development of plant-based crops. The crop
science definition further includes scientific knowledge and
understanding of the cultivation, management,
processing and production of crops.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF CROP SCIENCE TO
AGRICULTURE
• Crop science plays a crucial role in ensuring food security,
agricultural sustainability, and the overall well-being of our society.
The importance of crop science cannot be overstated, as it
encompasses various disciplines such as genetics, plant physiology,
agronomy, and pest management.
• Crop science also focuses on improving the nutritional quality of
crops. By studying plant physiology and biochemistry, scientists can
enhance the nutritional content of crops to address specific dietary
deficiencies or health concerns. This is particularly important in
combating malnutrition and improving human health.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF CROP SCIENCE TO
AGRICULTURE

• Additionally, crop science contributes to economic development by

providing livelihood opportunities for farmers and supporting rural
communities. By adopting innovative farming practices and utilizing
modern technologies developed through crop science research, farmers can
increase their income potential and improve their standard of living.
• In conclusion, the importance of crop science lies in its ability to address
global food security challenges sustainably while promoting human health
and economic prosperity. Through continuous research and innovation in
this field, we can ensure a brighter future for agriculture and society as a
whole.
 PLANT ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• Plant anatomy is the study of the tissue and cell structure of plant organs.
The term anatomy, as applied to plants, generally deals with structures that
are observed under a high-powered light microscope or electron microscope.
(In zoology, the term anatomy refers to the study of internal
organs; histology is the study of cells and tissues of animals.)
• Plant physiology is the study of metabolic processes in plants. A limited
explanation of plant physiology is presented, dealing specifically with
photosynthesis. Physiology and anatomy are tightly correlated, as cell and
tissue structure has changed with respect to the evolution of novel functional
mechanisms.
 PLANT STRUCTURE AND IT’S FUNCTION

The basic parts of most land plants are:

• roots
• stems
• leaves
• flowers
• fruits
• seeds
ROOTS

anchor the plants in the soil and absorb

nutrients and water that are needed by
the rest of the plant.
ROOT STRUCTURE
 ROOT STRUCTURE

• Lateral roots contribute to anchoring the plant securely into the soil, increasing water
uptake, and facilitate the extraction of nutrients required for the growth and development
of the plant.
• The primary root, also known as the taproot, is the main root in some plant species. It's
the first root to emerge from the seed during germination. The primary root grows
directly downward and is typically larger and grows more rapidly than the plant's lateral
roots, which branch off from the primary root.
• Root hairs are the hair-like tubular extensions of a plant root that increase the surface
area of the root. The function of the root hairs is to absorb water and minerals and
transport it through the plant
 ROOT STRUCTURE

• The root tip is the site of growth with rapidly dividing cells and secretions or exudates
that lubricate the tip as it passes through the soil.
• The root cap is a type of tissue at the tip of a plant root.[1] It is also called calyptra. The
purpose of the root cap is to enable downward growth of the root, with the root cap
covering the sensitive tissue in the root.
• Zone of cell maturation beginning at the first root hair where the root cells differentiate
into specialized cell types
• The zone of elongation is where the newly-formed cells increase in length, thereby
lengthening the root.
• The apical meristem, also known as the “growing tip,” is an undifferentiated
meristematic tissue found in the buds and growing tips of roots in plants.
 STEMS

• The stem of the plant connects the roots to the

leaves, helping to transport absorbed water and
minerals to different parts of the plant. The stem also
helps to transport the products of photosynthesis
(i.e., sugars) from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
STEM STRUCTURE
 STEM STRUCTURE

• Bud, Small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a vascular plant that may
develop into a flower, leaf, or shoot. Buds arise from meristem tissue. In temperate
climates, trees form resting buds that are resistant to frost in preparation for winter.
Flower buds are modified leaves.
• A plant node is located on the exterior surface of the stem. Plant nodes help to
connect the petiole to the plant stem.
• The stem region between two nodes is called an internode.
 LEAVES

• Leaves are one of the three organs of a plant. The most

important job of a leaf is to make food for the plant.
Leaves are the main (but not only) organ responsible for
turning sunlight into food. Leaves have different sizes,
shapes, and textures, depending on what is most useful in
their habitat.
LEAVES STRUCTURE
 LEAVES STRUCTURE

• Leaf apex is the tip or protruding part of the leaf.

• Midrib is the central, thicker, linear structure, which runs from the plant thallus or lamina.
• The margin is the perimeter of the leaf between the apex and base.
• The leaf veins are small channels or capillaries that transport water and minerals to and
from the leaf of a plant.
• The lamina is the expanded, flat component of the leaf which contains the chloroplasts.
• A petiole is the stalk that joins the blade (the flat part of the leaf, also called a lamina) to
the node (the attachment point on a stem).
 FLOWERS

• A flower, also known as a bloom or blossom, is the

reproductive structure found in flowering plants. Flowers
consist of a combination of vegetative organs – sepals that
enclose and protect the developing flower, petals that
attract pollinators, and reproductive organs that produce
gametophytes, which in flowering plants produce gametes.
FLOWER STRUCTURE
 FLOWER STRUCTURE

• The peduncle is the main stalk that supports a solitary flower or an inflorescence. Later, it
also supports the fruit. This main stalk or stem arises from the main stem and holds several
pedicels. The peduncle can sometimes have bracts or leaf modifications at its nodes.
• A sepal is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals
typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals
when in bloom.
• The ovule is the organ that forms the seeds of flowering plants.
• The main function that filament performs is to carry nutrients to the anther for the
development of the anther and pollen grains.
 FLOWER STRUCTURE

• Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often
brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are
collectively known as the corolla.
• The style of a flower is the stalk that supports the stigma and connects it to the ovary
• The anther is a key structure in the reproduction of flowering plants. It sits atop the
filament of the male structure known as the stamen. It produces the male sex cells, stores
them, and provides a place for them to stay until the time is right for them to be dispersed.
• The stigma is the receptive tip of a carpel, or of several fused carpels, in the gynoecium of
a flower.
 FRUITS

• Are the fleshy substances that usually surround seeds.

They protect the seeds and attract animals to eat
them. This helps in seed dispersal.
FRUIT STRUCTURE
 FRUIT STRUCTURE

• Exocarp refers to the outermost layer of the pericarp—which is

variously called the skin, rind, peel, or husk of a fruit—that covers
the mesocarp.
• Mesocarp refers to the middle layer of a fruit, the usually fleshy
plump part
• Endocarp is the name for the inner region of the pericarp and can
consist of layers of different textures or consistency that surround
and protect the seed.
 SEEDS

• Contain plant material that can develop into another

plant. This plant material is called an embryo. Seeds are
covered with a protective seed coat and have one or two
cotyledons. Cotyledons are the food for the baby plant
until it can make its own food from light and are often
the first embryonic leaves of the plant.
SEED STRUCTURE
 SEED STRUCTURE

• Embryo forms the part of the seed that develops from zygote after
fertilization.
• A seed coat protects the internal parts of a seed.
• The endosperm is where the nutrients are kept. It gives the seed
nutrition in the form of starch, carbs, and proteins to help the
embryo germinate. It can be found beneath the seed coat.
 REFERENCES

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/plant-anatom
y
• Chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://marinmg.ucanr.edu/
files/187894.pdf
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_root
• https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book
%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/30%3A_Plant_Form_and_Physiology/
30.06%3A_Roots_-
_Types_of_Root_Systems_and_Zones_of_Growth#:~:text=Beginning%20at%20the
%20first%20root,centimeter%20of%20the%20root%20tip.
 REFERENCES

• https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_Gen
eral_Biology_(Boundless)/30%3A_Plant_Form_and_Physiology/30.11%3A_Plant_Devel
opment_-_Meristems#:~:text=Meristem%20Zones,and%20shoots%20and%20forming%2
0buds
.
• https://www.britannica.com/science/bud
• https://study.com/learn/lesson/plant-stem-parts-diagram-node.html#:~:text=The%20area%
20of%20the%20stem,nodes%20is%20called%20the%20internode
.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower#:~:text=Flowers%20consist%20of%20a
%20combination,in%20flowering%20plants%20produce%20gametes.