Linear Motion

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Relative Motion
15 knot wind 15 knot sailboat
 Speed is the RATE
at which your
position changes
relative to something else.
 |𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏|
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅≡
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
|∆ 𝒙|
≡
∆𝒕

|𝒙 𝒇 − 𝒙 𝟎|
≡
∆𝒕

÷
𝒙 𝒇 =𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝟎=𝟐
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 http://www.clarkstopwatch.qpg.com/
5 2 0 3
five two zero three

five two nought three

x0
 Speed vs. Velocity
Velocity ≡ Speed in a Given DIRECTION

miles
SPEED: 55 hour

miles
VELOCITY: 55 hour East
 ph
0 m
18

180
mp
h
 ph
0 m
18

Same SPEED 180

mp
h
Different VELOCITIES
 |𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏|
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 ≡
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 ≡
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
∆𝒙
≡
∆𝒕
𝒙 𝒇 − 𝒙𝟎
𝒗=
∆𝒕
+?
 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 ≡
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
∆𝒙 𝒙 𝒇 − 𝒙𝟎
Velocity to the right is Positive ≡ ¿
Velocity to the left is Negative ∆𝒕 ∆𝒕
8-2
=
2
x0 2 seconds xf = +3 m/s

= 2-8
2
xf 2 seconds x0 = -3 m/s

3 - (-3)
=
2
x0 2 seconds xf = +3 m/s
𝒚 =𝒃+ 𝒎 𝒙 Velocity to the right is Positive
Velocity to the left is Negative

Position to the right is Positive

Position to the left is Negative

x = +100 m + (+5 m/s)(10 s)

= +150 m

x = +100 m + (-5 m/s)( 10 s)

= +50 m

x = -100 m + (-5 m/s)( 10 s)

= -150 m
 Units

miles meters inches centimeters

hour second minute year
Fundamental Units
M.K.S. System

Meters
Kilograms
Seconds
 Road Trip
30

25
Position (miles)

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T ime (minutes)
 Road Trip
30

∆ Position
Average Velocity ≡ ∆ Time
25
Position (miles)

Rise ∆ Y
Slope ≡ =
20
Run ∆X

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T ime (minutes)
 Road Trip
30

∆ Position
Average Velocity ≡ ∆ Time
25
Position (miles)

Rise ∆ Y
Slope ≡ =
20
Run ∆X

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
T ime (minutes)
 Instantaneous Velocity
Your Velocity at any given moment

∆ 𝒙
𝒗=
∆𝒕

∆𝒙
𝒗 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒕 →𝟎 ∆ 𝒕
 ∆𝒙
𝒗 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
∆𝒕 →𝟎 ∆ 𝒕

s
nd n ds
co co
se e
8 6 s
n ds
to 3 to s eco
3 4

270 meters
m o m t o ds
o fr 3 o n
y
fr
ci ty f rom t 3 sec
cit e lo c ity city a
l o e v o
el velo
ve r
g
a age ous v
e e
rag A v ver tane
ve Astan
A I n
5 seconds
 Is driving
1100 miles
in 13 hours
reasonable?
Distance
Average Velcity = Time

1100 miles
= 13 hours

mi
= 85
hr
 67 mph

85 mph
AVERAGE
125 mph

67 mph
0 mph
NO!
50 + 100 + 0 + 67 + 125 + 67
100 mph
6
50 mph 68 mph
 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ≡
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
∆𝒗
≡
∆𝒕
𝒗 𝒇 − 𝒗𝟎
¿
∆𝒕

miles miles 10 sec

70 hour 50
÷
hour

http://www.clarkstopwatch.qpg.com/
 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ≡
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝒗 𝒇 − 𝒗𝟎
¿
∆𝒕
𝒎𝒊 𝒎𝒊
𝟕𝟎 −𝟓 𝟎
𝒉𝒓 𝒉𝒓
¿
𝟏𝟎 𝒔
𝒎𝒊
𝒉𝒓 𝒎𝒊 𝟏
¿𝟐 ❑ ¿𝟐
𝒔 𝒉𝒓 𝒔
𝟏
𝒎𝒊
¿𝟐
𝒉𝒓 ∙ 𝒔
Acceleration = 10 mi/hr/s ? Acceleration = 5 mi/hr/s ?
60 70 60 70
50 80 50 80
40 90 40 90
30 100 30 100
20 110 20 110
10 120 10 120
0 130 0 miles per hour 130
miles per hour

Time = 10
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
9 s
 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ≡
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆

Name THREE controls on a car that

cause the car to ACCELERATE.

• Gas (accelerator)
• Brake
• Steering Wheel
70 mph

70 mph
0 to 220 mph

http://media.putfile.com/Motorcycles-----Hayabusa--220--mph

Acceleration = ? Time = 25 seconds

Vf – V 0 220 – 0 mi
Acceleration = = = 8.8 hr·s
 i on
er at
l
cce
e A
r ag
ve
A

∆ Velocity
Acceleration ≡
∆ Time
Rise ∆ Y
Slope ≡ =
Run ∆X
45 to 95 mph

http://media.putfile.com/Motorcycles-----Hayabusa--220--mph

Acceleration = ? Time = 2.9 seconds

Vf – V 0 95 – 45 mi
Acceleration = = = 17 hr·s
 220 mph

http://media.putfile.com/Motorcycles-----Hayabusa--220--mph

Acceleration = ? Time = 5 seconds

Vf – V 0 220 – 220
Acceleration = = = zero mi
hr·s
 220 to 120 mph

http://media.putfile.com/Motorcycles-----Hayabusa--220--mph

Acceleration = ? Time = 11 seconds

Vf – V 0 180 – 220
Acceleration = = = -12 mi
hr·s
 Vf – V 0 761 – 0 mi
Acceleration = = = 26
hr·s
Mach 1 = 761 mi/hr 29
 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ≡
Velocity to the right is Positive
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
Velocity to the left is Negative
𝒗 𝒇 − 𝒗𝟎
Acceleration to the right is Positive ¿
Acceleration to the left is Negative ∆𝒕
8-2
=
2
v0 2 seconds vf = 3 m/s2
𝒎 𝒎 𝒎
𝟖 −𝟐 𝒎𝟏
𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 ¿𝟑
¿ ¿𝟑 ❑
𝟐𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔
𝟏
𝒎 𝒎
¿𝟑 ¿𝟑 𝟐
𝒔 ∙𝒔 𝒔
 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ≡
Velocity to the right is Positive
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
Velocity to the left is Negative
𝒗 𝒇 − 𝒗𝟎
Acceleration to the right is Positive ¿
Acceleration to the left is Negative ∆𝒕
8-2
=
2
v0 2 seconds vf = 3 m/s2

= 2-8
2
vf 2 seconds v0 = -3 m/s2

-5 - (1)
=
2
vf 2 seconds v0 = -3 m/s2
 𝒎
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟑 𝟐
𝒔
EVERY second the velocity changes by 3 m/s
What is the instantaneous velocity after 30 seconds?
Time
(seconds)
Instantaneous
Velocity (m/s) Vf = a·t
0 0 Vf = 3·0 = 0
1 3 Vf = 3·1 = 3
2 6 Vf = 3·2 = 6
3 9 Vf = 3·3 = 9
4 12 Vf = 3·4 = 12
5 15 Vf = 3·5 = 15
6 18 Vf = 3·6 = 18
7 21 Vf = 3·7 = 21
Vf = 3·30 = 90
 𝒚 =𝒃+ 𝒎𝒙 Velocity to the right is Positive
Velocity to the left is Negative

Acceleration to the right is Positive

Acceleration to the left is Negative

v = +100 m/s + (+5 m/s2)(10 s)

= +150 m/s

v = +100 m/s + (-5 m/s2)(10 s)

= +50 m/s

v = -100 m/s + (-5 m/s2)(10 s)

= -150 m/s