Permutation and

Combination
By: Engr. Mark Joren M. Crisologo
Fundamental Principle of Counting
If some procedure can be performed in n1 different ways, and if, following this
procedure, a second procedure can be performed in n2 different ways, and if the
following this second procedure, a third procedure and be performed in n3
different ways, and so forth; then the number of ways the procedures can be
performed in the order indicated is the product n1 n2 n3…
 Fundamental Principle of Counting
Example:
Supposed a car number plate contains three distinct English letters followed by
three non-repeated digits. How many different car number plates can be printed?
Let the box could below contain the 3 distinct letters followed by 3 non-repeated
digits.

This box could be This box could be This box could be This box could be This box could be This box could be
filled in filled in filled in filled in filled in filled in

26 different 25 different 24 different 10 different 9 different 8 different

ways ways ways ways ways ways

Therefore, the total number of car number plates that could be printed in the set-up is =
26 x 25 x 24 x 10 x 9 x 8 = 11,332,000 ways
 Venn Diagram
Venn Diagram is a rectangle (the universal set) that includes circles depicting the
subsets. This diagram is named after the English logician John Venn (1834 -
1923) in 1880
Example:
A survey was conducted in. a graduating CE students in a certain university on
which board subject they like the best. The result is tabulated:
Mathematics 55 Mathematics & Hydraulics 32
Hydraulics 50 Mathematics & Structural 28
Structural 51 Hydraulics & Structural 25
All three subjects 10
How many were there in graduating class?
Permutation
Permutation involves arranging objects in a specific order. The number of
permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time is given by

For example, if you have three books (A, B, C) and want to arrange two of then
on a shelf, the permutations would include
AB, BA, AC, CA, BC and CB.
Or use the formula, P(3, 2) = 3!/(3-2)! = 6 ways
Permutation with repetition
The number of permutations of n objects of which n1 are alike,…..nr alike is

Example, How many ways could you arrange the letters of the PROBABILITY?
Note that some of the letters of the word PROBABILITY are repeated.
Permutation with repetition
Example, How many ways could you arrange the letters of the PROBABILITY?
n = the total number of letters to be arrange = 11

n1 = the number of “P” = 1 n6 = the number of “I” = 2

n2 = the number of “R” = 1 n7 = the number of “L” = 1

Therefore:
n3 = the number of “O” = 1 n8 = the number of “T” = 1

n4 = the number of “B” = 2 n9 = the number of “Y” = 1 = 9,979,200 ways

n5 = the number of “A” = 1
Circular Permutation
A circular permutation is the number of arrangements of items in a circle when
the order of items matters. Often, rotations are not considered to be different
outcomes. For example, CDAB is a rotation ABCD.

Example, how many ways are there to seat 4 people around a round table for
lunch?

Ans: 6 ways
Combination
The combination is concerned with the selection of objects without considering
the order. The number of combinations of a distinct objects taken r at a time is
given by

For example, if you have three books (A, B, C) and want to choose two to read,
the combination would include
AB, AC, and BC.
Or use the formula, C(3, 2) = 3!/2!(3-2)! = 3 ways
Example 1
In how many different ways can we arrange 5 books on a shelf?
Ans: 120 ways

Example 2
How many teams of 4 can be produced from a pool of 12 engineers?
Ans: 495 ways

Example 3
How many ways could you arrange the letters of the “MISSISSIPPI”
Ans: 34,650 ways

Example 4
How many different outfits can Mike have with 2 pants, 3 shirts and 2 pairs of boot?
Ans: 12 ways
Example 5
How many different telephone numbers are possible in the U.S if the 3-digit area code
followed by the 7-digit local telephone numbers. Area codes and local telephone numbers
cannot begin with 0 or 1.
Ans: 6,400,000,000 ways
Example 6
A multiple choice quiz has 4 questions each with 5 answer choices. In how many ways can
you answer the questions?
Ans: 625 ways

Example 7
If there are exactly two different roads from city A to city B, three from city B to city C, and
four from city C to city D, how many possible routes are there from A to D?

Ans: 24 ways
Example 8
How many two-digit numbers can be represented using 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 if
a.) repetition is allowed?

Ans: 20 ways
b.) repetition is not allowed?

Ans: 16 ways
Example 9
In how many ways can 6 persons be seated in 10 chairs?
Ans: 151,200 ways
Example 10
How many different combinations are there if we want to flip all the three coins together?

Ans: 8 ways
Example 11
A box contains 3 green balls, 4 red balls and 5 blue balls:
a.) How many ways can you pick 2 balls?
Ans: 66 ways

b.) How many ways can you pick 1 green ball, 1 red ball and 1 blue ball?
Example 12 Ans: 60 ways

A certain college wishes to employ 5 males and 3 female lecturers. In how many ways can 8
lecturers be employed from a group of 10 male and 7 female applicants for the position?

Ans: 8820 ways

Example 13
How many ways can you arrange 6 people if 2 of them can’t be together?
Ans: 480 ways
Example 14
How many way can 10 different colored toy horses be arranged in a merry-go-round?

Ans: 362,880 ways

Example 15
Snow white arranges the seven dwarf around the table, how many ways can she do it if Doc
& Sleepy are to be together?

Ans: 240 ways

Example 16
Six friends go to a movie together, Ali, Ben, Carlo, Daniel, Eddy and Franky, how many
ways can they sit if Ali, Ben and Carlo should not sit together?

Ans: 576 ways

Probability
By: Engr. Mark Joren M. Crisologo
Probability
Probability is a way of measuring the likelihood or chance of different outcomes
happening.
Imagine you have a bag of colored marbles – some red, some blue. If you close
your eyes and pick one marble, the probability of getting a red one depends on
how many red marbles there are compared to the total number of marbles in the
bag. Probability is expressed as a number between 0 and 1, where 0 means
something won’t happen at all, and 1 means it will definitely happen.
So if the probability of picking a marble is 0.5, it means there’s an equal chance
of getting a red or blue. If it’s 0.8, there’s a higher chance of picking a red one.
Probability is a way of understanding uncertainty and help us make informed
decisions in situations where outcomes are uncertain or random.
Probability
Calculate the probability of getting a Jack from 1 draw of a well shuffled deck of
cards.
Note that there are 4 Jacks ( Jack of Hearts, Clubs, Spades, Diamonds) in a deck
of cards and since the total number of cards in the deck is 52, then using the
equation above so the probability of picking a jack from the deck is 0.0769.

The probability of getting a jack:

= no. of jack in deck/ total no. of cards in the deck
= 4/52 = 0.0769 or 7.69%
Additive Laws of Probability
1. If A and B are any two events,
then P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
Example. The probability that Paula passes mathematics is 2 / 3 , and the
probability that she passes English is 4 / 9. If the probability of passing both
courses is 1 / 4, what is the probability that Paula will pass at least one of these
courses.
If M is the event “ passing mathematics”, and E the event “passing English”,
then by the additive rule ;
P(MU E)= P(M) + P(E) - P(M ∩ E)= 2/3 + 4/9 - 1/4 =31/36
Additive Laws of Probability
2. If A and B are mutually exclusive(disjoint)event,
then P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)
Example : What is the probability of drawing a 4 or a 7 from a shuffled deck of
cards?
Let event A be the event that a 4 is drawn from the deck of cards and let event B be
the event that a 7 is drawn from the deck of cards. Event A and event B are disjoint
events, that is, it is impossible that the card is a 4 and at the same time a 7.
Since there are four 4 and four 7 in the deck of cards,
then P(A) = 4/52 and P(B) = 4/52. Using the formula, the probability of picking a 4
or a 7 is ____
Probability of picking a 4 or a 7 from the deck of cards is . . .
P(4 or 7)= P(4)+P(7)= 4/52 + 4/52 = 8/52
Additive Laws of Probability
3. If Ac is the complement of an event A (not an element of A), then P(Ac ) = 1 -
P(A).
Example: If the probabilities that an automobile mechanic will service 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, or 8, or more cars on any given workday are, respectively, 0.12, 0.19, 0.28,
0.24, 0.10, and 0.07, what is the probability that he will service at least 5 cars on
his next day at work ?
Let E be the event that at least 5 cars are serviced.
P€ = 1- P(Ec ), where Ec is the event that fewer than 5 cars are serviced.
P(Ec) = 0.12 + 0.19 = 0.31,
so P(E) = 1 -0.31=0.69
Additive Laws of Probability
4. IfA1, A2 ,…is a sequence of mutually exclusive events,

then P(A1 U A2 U...)= P(A1) + P(A2)+....

Example : If the probabilities are, respectively, 0.09, 0.15, 0.21, and 0.23 that a
person purchasing a new automobile will choose the color green, white, red, or
blue, what is the probability that a given buyer will purchase a new automobile
that comes in one of those colors?
Let G, W, R, and B be the events that a buyer selects, respectively, a green,
white, red, or blue automobile.
Since these four events are mutually exclusive, the probability is
P(G U W U R U B)=P(G)+ P(W)+ P(R)+ P(B)
P(G U W U R U B)= 0.09 +0.15+ 0.21+0.23=0.68
Conditional Probability
Conditional probabilities are calculated when we need to know the likelihood of
event A happening given that event B has already happened. We say that event A
is conditional on event B. Conditional probabilities don't have a keyword, they
have a key-symbol (|). Conditional probabilities are written p(A|B), which can
be read "The probability of A given B".
Let A be an arbitrary event in a sample space S with P (E) > 0. The probability
that, an event A occurs once E has occurred or, in other words, the conditional
probability of A given E, written P (A / E), is defined as follows :
Conditional Probability
Example: In a class, 20% of the members are female, 70% of the male wear
glasses. What is the probability that chosen member wears glasses given that he
is male?
Solution:

So that, the probability is 0.875 or 87.5%

Conditional Probability
MULTIPLICATION THEOREM FOR CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
If events A and B can both occur,
then P(A ∩ B) = P(A/B) · P(B)
Since P(A ∩ B) = P(B ∩ A),
then P(A ∩ B) = P(B/A) · P(A).

Similarly, P(A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 ∩..∩An) = P(A1)·P(A2 /A1 )P(A3 /A1 ∩ A2).. P(An /A1
∩ A2 ∩ A3 ∩.. An-1 )
Conditional Probability
Example: An urn contains 20 red and 10 blue balls. Two balls are drawn from a bag one after
the other without replacement. What is the probability that both the balls are drawn are red?
Solution: Let A and B denote the events that the first and the second balls are drawn are red
balls. We have to find P(A∩B) or P(AB).
P(A) = P(red balls in first draw) = 20/30
Now, only 19 red balls and 10 blue balls are left in the bag. The probability of drawing a red
ball in the second draw too is an example of conditional probability where the drawing of the
second ball depends on the drawing of the first ball.
Hence Conditional probability of B on A will be,
P(B|A) = 19/29
By multiplication rule of probability,
P(A∩B) = P(A) × P(B|A)
P(A∩B) = 20/30 x 19/29 = 38/87
Conditional Probability
INDEPENDENT EVENTS
Two events A and B are independent if and only if
P(A/B)=P(A) and P(B/A) = P(B).
So that, P(A ∩ B) = P(A)·P(B)
Conditional Probability
Example: A juggler has seven red, five green, and four blue balls. During his
stunt, he accidentally drops a ball and then picks it up. As he continues, another
ball falls. What is the probability that the first ball that was dropped is blue, and
the second ball is green?
Solution:
As we know that the first ball is picked by the juggler, the size of the sample
space for both balls is 16, because these events are independent.
The probability that the first ball is blue or P (blue ball) = 4/16
The probability that the second ball is green or P(green ball) = 4/16
The probability that the first ball is blue and the second ball is green:
P(blue and green)= P(blue) × P(green) = 4/16 × 4/16 = 1/16
Thus, the probability is 1/16 for both cases.
Example 1
Find the probability of drawing an ace or a king in a single draw from a deck of 52 playing
cards
Ans: 15.38%
Example 2
Find the probability of drawing an ace or a heart in a single draw from a deck of 52 playing
cards
Ans: 30.77%
Example 3
An urn contains 4 black balls and 6 white balls. What is the probability of getting 1 black
ball and 1white ball in two consecutive draws from the urn?

Ans: 53.33%
Example 4
From a box containing 6 red balls, 8 white balls and 10 blue balls, one ball is drawn at
random. Determine the probability that it is red or white?
Ans: 58.33%
Example 5
From a bag containing 4 black balls and 5 white balls, two balls are drawn one at a time.
Find the probability that both balls are white. Assume that the first ball is returned before
the second ball is drawn.
Ans: 30.86%
Example 6
There are 500 students in a certain school. 150 students are enrolled in an Algebra course
and 80 students are enrolled in a Chemistry course. There are 30 students who are taking
both Algebra and Chemistry. If the student is chosen at random,
a. What is the probability that the student is taking Algebra only?
Ans: 24%
b.) What is the probability that the student is taking Chemistry given that the student is also
taking the Algebra?
Ans: 20%
c.) What is the probability that the student is taking Algebra given that the student is also
taking Chemistry? Ans: 37.5%
End of Discussion!
Homework # 1
Identify the following whether it is a permutation problem or a combination problem.
1. How many 4 – digit number can be made using the digits from 1 to 9 if no digit is repeated in each
number ?
2. From 4 red, 5 green, and 6 yellow apples, how many selections of 9 apples are possible if 3 of each
color are to be selected?
3. Find the number of ways to draw four cards from an ordinary pack of 52 cards.
4. If 15 people won prizes in a lottery ( assuming that there are no ties ), how many ways can these15
people win first , second, third, fourth and fifth prize ?
5. How many ways are there to select 3 candidates from 8 equally qualified recent graduates for
opening in an accounting firm?
6. A teacher forms a committee whose members come from her class consisting of 18 boys and
15girls. How many committees are formed consisting of 5 members of which 3 members are girls
and 2 members are boys?
7. A developer of a new subdivision offers a prospective home buyer a choice of 5 designs, 3
different air conditioning systems, a garage or a carport, and a patio or screened porch. How many
plans are available to this buyer?
Homework # 2
Identify the following whether it is a permutation problem or a combination problem.
1. Two cards are drawn at random from an ordinary pack of 52 cards. Find the
probability that (i) both are spades and (ii) one is a spade and one is a heart.
2. Three light bulbs are chosen at random from a box containing 15 bulbs of which
5 are defective. Find the probability the (i) none is defective, (ii) exactly one is
defective, and (iii) at least one is defective.
3. Determine the probability of each event :
a) an even number appears in a single toss of a fair dice.
b) a king appears in drawing a single card from an ordinary pack of 52 cards.
c) at least one tail appears in the toss of three fair coins.
d) a white marble appears in drawing s single marble from an urn containing 4
white, 3 red and 5 blue marbles