Lecture 5

THE SEXUAL SELF

 SEX

SEXUALITY
What is teenage pregnancy
Also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a female under the age of
20. Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation,
which can be before the first menstrual period (menarche) but usually occurs
after the onset of periods.
WHAT CAUSES TEENAGE
PREGNANCY?

Lack of information about sexual and reproductive health and rights

Inadequate access to services tailored to young people
Family, community and social pressure to marry
Sexual violence
Child, early and forced marriage, which can be both a cause and a consequence
Lack of education or dropping out of school
 HOW DOES TEENAGE PREGNANCY AFFECT GIRLS?
Adolescent pregnancy remains a major contributor to maternal and child mortality.
Complications relating to pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for girls
aged 15-19 globally. Pregnant girls and adolescents also face other health risks and
complications due to their immature bodies. Babies born to younger mothers are also at
greater risk.
For many adolescents, pregnancy and childbirth are neither planned, nor wanted. In
countries where abortion is prohibited or highly restricted, adolescents typically resort to
unsafe abortion, putting their health and lives at risk. Some 3.9 million unsafe abortions
occur each year to girls aged 15-19 in developing regions.
Adolescent pregnancy can also have negative social and economic effects on girls, their
families and communities.
Reproductive System
Sex of an individual is determined at the time of fertilization
(males have X and Y sex chromosomes and females have XX)
The gonads do not begin to form until about eight week of embryonic
development. Prior to this time, the embryonic reproductive structures of males
and females are identical and are said to be in the indifferent stage.
Reproductive System
Reproductive system organs do not function until puberty.
Puberty is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 and 15 years,
when the reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional
under the influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones (testosterone and
estrogen).
After this time, reproductive capability continues until old age in males and
menopause in females.
Puberty represents the earliest period of reproductive system activity.
Diseases associated with the
reproductive system
Females
Gonorrhea, syphilis, and herpes virus
Tumors of the breast and cervix

Males
Urethritis, prostatitis, and epididymitis
Orchiditis- inflammation of the testes
Prostate cancer
How do you differentiate Sex from
Gender?
Sex- refers to a person’s characterization as male or female at birth, typically
based on the appearance of external genitalia or other biological characteristics
including chromosomes.

Gender- refers to social characteristics that may be (or not be) aligned with a
person’s sex and adopted by an individual as their gender identity.
Erogenous zones
•Erogenous zones are described as parts of the body
that are chiefly sensitive and cause increased sexual
arousal when touched in a sexual manner.
•Some widely-known erogenous zones are the
mouth, breasts, reproductive organs, and the anus.
•Erogenous zones differ from person to person, as
some people may enjoy being touched in a certain
area more than other areas. Other common areas
may include the neck, thighs, abdomen, and feet.
Why are some areas more
erogenous than others?
It has been mentioned that (University of
California 2017) the level of erotic
sensitivity of a particular body part is
largely dependent on the amount of
nerve endings that are located in that
region.
Human sexual behavior
Human sexual behavior is defined as any activity- solitary, between two persons,
or in a group- that includes sexual arousal.

Types of behavior
1. Solitary behavior
2. Sociosexual behavior
Heterosexual
Homosexual
Solitary sexual behavior
Self-gratification is self-stimulation with the
intention of causing sexual arousal and, generally,
sexual climax.
Most self-gratification is done in private as an end
in itself but is sometimes practiced facilitate a
sociosexual relationship.
Generally beginning at or before puberty, is very
common among males, particularly young males,
but becomes less frequent or is abandoned when
sociosexual activity is available.
Sociosexual behavior
By far the greatest amount of sociosexual behavior is heterosexual behavior
between only one male and one female.
Heterosexual behavior frequently begins in childhood, and while much of it may be
motivated by curiosity, such as showing or examining genitalia, many children
engage in sex play because it is pleasurable.
Sociosexual behavior cont.
With adolescence, sex play is superseded by dating, which is socially
encouraged, and dating almost inevitably involves some physical
contact resulting in sexual arousal. This contact, labeled as necking
or petting, is a part of the learning process and ultimately of
courtship and the selection of a marriage partner.
Petting varies from hugging, kissing, and generalized caresses of the
clothed body to techniques involving genital stimulation. (Petting
may be done for its own sake as an expression of affection and a
source of pleasure, and it may occur as a preliminary to coitus)
Sociosexual behavior cont.
Coitus, the insertion of the male reproductive
organ into the female reproductive organ, is
viewed by society quite differently depending
upon the marital status of the individual.
Premarital, extramarital, and postmarital
coitus
Human Sexual Response Cycle
1. Excitement phase- marked by increased in pulse and blood pressure, an
increase in body supply to the surface of the body resulting in:
increased skin temperature, flushing, and swelling of all distensible body parts
(particularly noticeable in the male reproductive organ and female breasts),
more rapid breathing, the secretion of genital fluids, expansion of female
reproductive organ
general increase in muscle tension.
Human Sexual Response Cycle
2. Plateau phase- generally of brief duration. Brink of orgasm.
Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure continue to increase.
Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face, and hands.
Muscle tension increases
Human Sexual Response Cycle
3. Sexual Climax/ Orgasm- marked by a feeling of sudden intense pleasure, an
abrupt increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, spasms of the pelvic muscles
causing contractions in the female and emission of semen by the male.
Involuntary vocalization may occur
Sexual climax lasts for only a few seconds.

4. Resolution phase- the return to a normal or subnormal physiological state.

Sexual Problems
Some of the sexual problems being encountered:
Premature emission of semen
Erectile impotence
Ejaculatory impotence
Vaginismus
Dyspareunia
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
STDs are infections transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person
through sexual contact. STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.

STDs are an important global health priority because of their devastating impact
on women and infants. Infection with certain STDs can increase risk of getting
and transmitting HIV. It can cause long-term health problems, particularly in
women and infants.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
1. Chlamydia
2. Gonorrhea
3. Syphilis
4. Chancroid
5. Human Papillomavirus
6. Herpes Simplex Virus
7. Trichomonas Vaginalis
Natural and Artificial Methods of
Contraception
1. Natural Method- the natural family planning methods do not include any
chemical or foreign body introduction into the human body. Most people
who are very conscious of their religious beliefs are more inclined to use the
natural way of birth control.
Abstinence- abstaining from sexual intercourse
Calendar method- aka the rhythm method.
Natural and Artificial Methods of
Contraception
Basal body temperature- is the woman’s temperature at rest. The woman must
take her temperature early every morning before any activity and if she notices
that there is a slight decrease and then an increase in her temperature, this is a
sign that she has ovulated.
Natural and Artificial Methods of
Contraception
Cervical Mucus Method- to check if the
woman is ovulating, the cervical mucus
must be copious, thin, and watery.
Natural and Artificial Methods of
Contraception
Symptothermal Method- combination of
BBT method and the cervical mucus
method.

Ovulation detection- is an over-the-

counter kit that can predict ovulation
through the surge of luteinizing hormone
that happens 12 to 24 hrs before ovulation.
Natural and Artificial Methods of
Contraception
Coitus Interruptus- one of the oldest
method of contraception. The couple still
proceed with the coitus, but the man
withdraws the moment he emit semen.
Natural and Artificial Methods of
Contraception
2. Artificial Methods
Contraceptives- known as the pill, oral contraceptives
contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone.

Estrogen- suppresses the follicle stimulating hormone

and luteinizing hormone to suppress ovulation.

Progesterone- decreases the permeability of the cervical

mucus to limit the sperm’s access to the ovary.
Natural and Artificial Methods of
Contraception
Transdermal Patch- has a combination of both
estrogen and progesterone in a form of a patch.
For 3 weeks, the woman should apply one patch
each every week on the following areas: upper outer
arm, upper torso, abdomen, or buttocks. At the 4th
week, no patch is applied because the menstrual
flow would then occur.
Natural and Artificial Methods of
Contraception
Vaginal ring- releases a combination of estrogen
and progesterone and surrounds the cervix.

The silicon is inserted vaginally and remains there for

3 weeks, then removed on the 4th week as menstrual
flow would occur.

The woman becomes fertile as soon as the ring is

removed.
Natural and Artificial Methods of
Contraception
Subdermal Implants- embedded under the skin of
the woman. It contains etonogestrel, desogestrel,
and progestin. It is effective for three to five years.

Hormonal Injections- the injection inhibits

ovulation and causes changes in the endometrium
and the cervical mucus.
Natural and Artificial Methods of
Contraception
Intrauterine device- IUD is a small, T-shaped
object that is inserted into the uterus via the
female reproductive organ. Inserted only by a
physician. The device contains progesterone and
is effective for five to seven years.

Chemical barriers- spermicides vaginal gels and

creams, and glycerin films are used to cause the
death of sperms before they can enter the cervix
and also lower the pH level of the female
reproductive organ so it will not become
conductive for the sperm.
Natural and Artificial Methods of
Contraception
Diaphragm- it works by inhibiting the
entrance of the sperm into the female
reproductive organ. Placed in the cervix
before the coitus. Should be fitted only by the
physician and should be remained in place for
six hours after coitus.
Cervical Cap- another barrier method that is
made of soft rubber and fitted on the rim of
the cervix. It could stay in place for not more
than 48 hrs.
Natural and Artificial Methods of
Contraception
Male condoms- latex or synthetic rubber
sheath that is placed on the erect male
reproductive organ before penetration. Has a
typical fail rate of 15% due to a break in the
sheath’s integrity or spilling.

Female condoms- also a latex rubber

sheaths. It has an inner ring that covers the
cervix and an outer, open ring that is placed
against the opening of female reproductive
organ.
Natural and Artificial Methods of
Contraception
Surgical Methods:

Vasectomy- executed through a small incision

made on each side of the scrotum. The vas
deferens is then tied, cauterized, cut, or plugged
to block the passage of the sperm.

Ligation- by occluding the fallopian tubes

through cutting, cauterizing, or blocking to
inhibit the passage of the both the sperm and
the ova.
ACTIVITY #5: STD Prevention
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