Unit 2

Community water supply

May 30, 2024 1

 Introduction

• Water is essential for life

• Without water no life

• It is the medium in which all living process occur

• Function of water for human body

• Dissolve nutrients and distribute them to the cells.

• Regulate body temperature

• Support body structure

• Remove waste products from the body

Water

• About 60% - 70% our body is water.

• 97% of the water found in the earth as a form of ocean

and sea water. Not useful for human and domestic use.

• Only 1% is fresh water which is found in the form of

ground water and surface. That is readily available for
irrigation, drinking and other domestic purpose.

May 30, 2024 3

 • The other 2% lacked in the form of ice in the
polar region of the world.
• Purpose of water apart from the body needs
• Domestic purpose
• Public purpose
• Industrial purpose
• Agricultural purpose
• Universal solvent
• Source of energy
• Transportation etc…
May 30, 2024 4
 Source of water
• Source of water for human uses are
• Ground water
e.g.. Wells, spring
• Surface water
e.g.. Rivers, streams, lakes
• Rain water

May 30, 2024 5

 1. Rain water
• Primary source of all water in the earth.

• From sanitary point of view rain water may be the

purest of all source of water. but it may exposed

• As falls through the atmosphere, it may be pick various

gases, dust, particulate matter.

• May contaminated during storage, distribution, and

handling

• As it touch the surface

May 30, 2024 6
 2. Surface water
• When rain water reach to the ground it begin to flow
in the form of stream, river, or collected as form of
lake, pond all these known as surface water.
• Water from surface source should be disinfected and
treated to remove turbidity, color, and impurities.
• Surface water never be used as source of water
supply with out treatment.

May 30, 2024 7

 • Disadvantages of surface water
• It flow over the earth crust, therefore it
pick up any thing in the path.
• Quality and quantity of surface water
depend upon the condition of surface or
catchment area over it flows.

May 30, 2024 8

 3. Ground water
• Part of water sink in to the ground and reach to subsoil to varying
depth.
e.g. Well

• Well:- an artificial hole or pits dug in to the earth to reach under

ground level.
• Type of well:
• shallow well

• deep well

• tube well

• artesian well (relating to or denoting a well bored perpendicularly into water-bearing strata lying
May 30, 2024 at an angle) 9
 Essential sanitary facilities of well
• It should be dug in good soil condition and should be at least 15m
away from any possible source of contaminant.
• The site should be higher level to prevent entrance of surface water.
• Its wall should be made with bricks and masonry work and
plastered with cement.
• There should be concrete plate form around the well, it should have
a great slope outside.
• Fencing
• Have covering
• Diverting ditch:- construct around 15m away from well.

May 30, 2024 10

 Advantage of ground water
• Comparatively free from disease causing
MO’S
• If properly protected and treated
immediately after completion of
construction , we can be used without
further treatment.
• We can found near family or community.
• Not exposed to evaporation

May 30, 2024 11

 Disadvantage
• Needs expensive pumping machine
• May contain excessive dissolving
minerals.

May 30, 2024 12

 Major source of water contamination
• Surface rain off (flood) entering in to surface
water and ground water.
• Pollutant falling in to rivers, unprotected wells

• Infiltration from near by latrines, cesspools,

septic tanks etc…
• Industrial influent eg:- sewage, toxic chemicals

• Chemical from agricultural fields. Eg:-

herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers.
May 30, 2024 13
 1. Water borne disease
• Several infection of enteric or intestinal disease of
man are transmitted through water contaminated
by fecal matter.
• Cycle of infection due to water borne disease

Infected person Pathogens Contaminated

in excreta Water source

Susceptible person Consumption of contaminated

May 30, 2024 14
water
 Example of water borne disease
• Helminthes disease
e.g. Ascariasis, round warm, trichuriasis etc…
• Bacterial disease
e.g. Typhoid fever, cholera, diarrhea d/s, etc…
• Protozoal disease
e.g.. Amoebic, giardiasis
• Viral disease
e.g. Infectious hepatitis A virus, poliomyelitis

May 30, 2024 15

 2. Water washed disease
• Disease linked to lack of water for personal hygiene and
cleanliness.
Dermatological disease
- scabies

. Ophthalmic disease
- trachoma and conjunctivitis

. Louse borne disease

- louse borne typhus and relapsing fever
• Disease can caused by:-
• Lack of good personal hygiene
• Unable to wash clothes

• Quality of water is more important than quantity of water.

May 30, 2024 16

 3. Water based disease
• Disease caused by infectious agent are spread by contact with water.
• Essential part of the life cycle of the infectious agent take place from aquatic
animals.
• The number of disease depending upon the pathogenic organism spending part
of their life cycle in water or intermediate host which live with in the water.
• Infection of man’s cannot occur by immediate ingestion, or contact with the
organism, excreted by sufferer.
• Many of the disease in this class caused by worm.
e.g. Schistosomiasis
. Dracunculosis (guinea warm).

May 30, 2024 17

 • Prevention
• Avoidance of contact and ingestion of
contaminated water
• Reduction of intermediate host

• Storage of water from 24-72hr to kill the

MO’s

May 30, 2024 19

 4. Water related disease
• Disease transmitted by insects that live close to
water.
• Infections are transmitted by mosquitoes, flies and
other insects that bread in water
• Infection with this disease have no any relation
with human consumption or contact with water.

eg. Malaria, sleeping sickness, yellow fever

onchocerciasis
May 30, 2024 20
Summery of water associated disease
Water associated disease Example Prevention strategies

•Water borne -Typhoid -Improve water quality

disease(fecal-oral) -Cholera -Prevent use of contaminated water
Contaminated water by -Diarrhea -Health Education
feces -paratyphoid

•Water washed -Scabies - Improve water quantity

lack of water -Trachoma -Improve water access
-Louse borne fever -Health Education

•Water based Schistosomiasis - Decrease need of untreated water

Penetrating skin and Guinea warm contact
ingestion -Control snail population
-Filter Cyclops and
- Health Education

•Water related •Sleeping sickness - Proper site selection

Biting of insect •malaria - Use personal protective material
- Health Education

May 30, 2024 22

 Municipal water treatment
• Treatment:- is a process of removing substance weather biological,

chemical, or physical which is potentially dangerous and undesirable

for human and domestic use.

• Objectives:

- to remove pathogenic organism.

. Remove substance which impart color, taste, or odor to water.

. To remove excess or undesirable chemical or minerals from water.

. Regulate essential elements or chemical

. To remove excess or undesirable dissolved gases.

May 30, 2024 23
Treatment of water in small scale
1. Boiling:- one of the most satisfactory methods of
disinfecting water at home level.
• After water brought to the boiling point kept boiling
at least 15-20 minute in order to get reliable results
in the distraction of disease producing organism.
• Effective for all form of raw water except
containing toxic chemical.

May 30, 2024 24

 2. Filtration
A process where the suspended matter is separated by
passing the water through minute porous material or
medium.
• Most important and oldest practice of water
purification.
• Started in 1852

• 1892 value of filtration was witnessed when cholera

epidemic struck the citizen of Hamburg in germen.
May 30, 2024 25
Objectives:-
• To produce clear and sparking water (reduce
turbidity).
• Reduce number of MO’S.
• To reduce contaminants which cause undesirable
taste and odor.
• To remove any suspended solid from water.
Example:- home made sand filter
May 30, 2024 26
 3. Disinfection
Killing of all disease causing microorganism with in
the water.
• Methods of disinfection:- physical. ultra violate
irradiation, and boiling.
- Chemicals:- chlorine, bromine, iodine, ozone.
• Chlorine or its compound can be applied to
disinfect water at house hold level either as liquid
form or tablet form of chlorine.
May 30, 2024 27
 4. Aeration
It is the treatment process where by water is brought in to
intimate contact with air.

• Purpose:-
• Addition of oxygen to oxidize dissolved iron and manganese in

water.

• Removal of carbondieoxide to reduce corrosion.

• Removal of hydrogen sulfide, methane, and volatile organic

compound that create bad odor and taste to water.

May 30, 2024 28

Thank you