FISIKA DASAR

8 Gelombang dan Bunyi

UNIVERSITAS
SEBELAS MARET

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 Gelombang
(1) Gelombang dan Besaran-besarannya
(2) Klasifikasi Gelombang
(3) Sifat-sifat gelombang

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1. Gelombang dan besaran-besarannya
 Gelombang : Gangguan yang merambat
 Jika seutas tali (atau pegas) yang diregangkan diberi
suatu sentakan, lengkungan/sentakan yang dihasilkan
menjalar menyusuri tali  pulsa gelombang
Efek dispersi  pulsa yang tersebar atau terurai
 Jika sumber gelombang adalah gerak
harmonik/osilator sederhana (getaran harmonik)
maka deretan gelombang sinusoidal akan menjalar
sepanjang tali  Gelombang harmonik
 Gerak gelombang dapat dipandang sebagai
perpindahan energi dan momentum dari satu titik di
dalam ruang ke titik lain tanpa perpindahan materi
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 Besaran-besaran gelombang
• Amplitudo (A)  perpindahan maksimum dari tali disekitar titik
kesetimbangan
• Perioda (T), frekuensi (f), frekuensi sudut (ω)  domain waktu
• Panjang gelombang (λ), bilangan gelombang (k)  domain
ruang
• Laju gelombang (v)  laju perambatan gelombang yang
bergantung pada sifat medium (khusus untuk gelombang
mekanis)
• Energi (E)  biasanya dalam bentuk rapat energi, besarnya
sebanding dengan kuadrat amplitudo dan frekuensi
• Momentum (p)  biasanya dalam bentuk rapat momentum
• Daya (P)  energi per satuan waktu
• Intensitas (I)  daya rata-rata per satuan luas yang datang
tegak lurus terhadap arah penjalaran atau (rapat energi rata-
rata)x(laju gelombang). Besarnya sebanding dengan kuadrat
amplitudo dan frekuensi 4
Hubungan antara besaran-besaran
gelombang

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Persamaan Gelombang dan solusinya

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2. Klasifikasi Gelombang

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 GELOMBANG
• Gelombang Elektromagnetik
Menjalar tidak memerlukan medium
Contoh:
Gelombang radio
Gelombang TV
Cahaya
• Gelombang Mekanik
Menjalar memerlukan medium
Contoh:
Suara/bunyi
Gelombang pada tali
Gelombang pada permukaan air
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 Gelombang Mekanik
• GELOMBANG TRANSVERSAL
Arah gerak partikel-partikel medium tegak lurus
pada arah jalar gelombang
Contoh: Gelombang pada tali
• GELOMBANG LONGITUDINAL
Arah gerak partikel-partikel medium sejajar dengan
arah jalar gelombang
Contoh: Gelombang bunyi

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A traveling wave or pulse
that causes the elements of
the disturbed medium to
move perpendicular to the
direction of propagation is
called a transverse wave.

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A traveling wave or pulse that causes the
elements of the medium to move parallel to the
direction of propagation is called a longitudinal
wave.

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Sinusoidal Waves

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the wavelength is the minimum distance
between any two identical points on adjacent
waves

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the period is the time interval required for two
identical points of adjacent waves to pass by a
point.

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the frequency of a periodic wave is the number of
crests that pass a given point in a unit time
interval.

The most common unit for frequency is second-1 or

hertz (Hz). The corresponding unit for T is seconds.

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The maximum displacement from equilibrium of
an element of the medium is called the
amplitude A of the wave

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where φ is the phase constant

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 Example 16.2
Raymond
A sinusoidal wave traveling in the positive x direction has an
amplitude of 15.0 cm, a wavelength of 40.0 cm, and a frequency
of 8.00 Hz. The vertical position of an element of the medium at
t = 0 and x = 0 is also 15.0 cm
a) Find the wave number k, period T, angular frequency ω, and
speed v of the wave.
b) Determine the phase constant φ, and write a general
expression for the wave function.

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 Ex. 2
A wave traveling along a string is described by

in which the numerical constants are in SI units

(0.00327 m, 72.1 rad/m, and 2.72 rad/s).
(a) What is the amplitude of this wave?
(b) What are the wavelength, period, and frequency of
this wave?
(c) What is the velocity of this wave?
(d) What is the displacement y of the string at x =
22.5 cm and t 18.9 s?
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 Example 15.1 Raymond
An object oscillates with simple harmonic motion along the x axis. Its
position varies with time according to the equation

where t is in seconds and the angles in the parentheses are in radians.

a) Determine the amplitude, frequency, and period of the motion.
b) Calculate the velocity and acceleration of the object at any time t.
c) Using the results of part (b), determine the position, velocity, and
acceleration of the object at t = 1.00 s.
d) Determine the maximum speed and maximum acceleration of the
object.
e) Find the displacement of the object between t = 0 and t = 1.00 s.

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In an engine, a piston oscillates with simple
harmonic motion so that its position varies
according to the expression

where x is in centimeters and t is in seconds. At t =

0, find (a) the position of the piston, (b) its
velocity, and (c) its acceleration. (d) Find the
period and amplitude of the motion.

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The position of a particle is given by the
expression x = (4.00 m)cos(3.00πt + π), where x
is in meters and t is in seconds. Determine (a)
the frequency and period of the motion, (b) the
amplitude of the motion, (c) the phase constant,
and (d) the position of the particle at t = 0.250 s.

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